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The Canterbury Roll

A Digital Edition

The Canterbury Roll is a 15th-century, hand-written genealogy that begins with Noah and traces the rulers of England from the mythical Brutus to King Edward IV. The genealogy is accompanied by an extensive commentary in Latin. The five-metre long manuscript roll was purchased by the University of Canterbury in 1918 from the Maude family of Christchurch.

The new digital transcription and translation presented here, both of which have been mapped to a high quality digital facsimile of the Roll, are products of the Canterbury Roll Project. The ongoing project is a partnership between UC History, the UC Arts Digital Lab, the UC internship programme, the Collaborative Research Centre 933 of Heidelberg University, and Nottingham Trent University (UK).

Download the Getting Started Fact Sheet (PDF)

General Editor: Dr Chris Jones (UC History)
Digital Humanities Consultant: Dr Christopher Thomson (UC Digital Humanities)
Project Adviser: Dr Natasha Hodgson (Nottingham Trent University)
Project Coordinator: Jennifer Middendorf (UC Arts Digital Lab)
Lead Transcriber: Maree Shirota (Collaborative Research Centre 933/Heidelberg)
Lead Translator: Elisabeth Rolston (UC History)

University of Canterbury College of ArtsCollaborative Research Centre 933 of Heidelberg University
Nottingham Trent UniversityUC Arts Digital Lab

First published in 2017 by
CANTERBURY UNIVERSITY PRESS
University of Canterbury
Private Bag 4800
Christchurch 8140
NEW ZEALAND
www.canterbury.ac.nz/engage/cup

Text copyright © 2017 the authors as named. Images copyright the institutions and individuals as credited.

The moral rights of the authors and contributors have been asserted.

ISBN 978-1-98-850307-3

Introduction

The Canterbury Roll – Christchurch, University of Canterbury, MS 1 – is a 15th-century English genealogical text. The Roll measures 4890x334mm and comprises six pieces of parchment joined at length.

A detailed exploration of the text’s evolution between its creation in the late 1420s/ early 1430s and the final revisions made to it, most probably during Richard III’s reign, appear on the accompanying website. The Roll’s fate between the late-15th century and its acquisition in 1918 by Canterbury College, the University of Canterbury’s predecessor, is at present unclear. Prior to 2010, the manuscript was known as the “Maude Roll”, a nomenclature derived from the family who sold it to the University and who it is presumed were responsible for bringing it to New Zealand. The text was first edited and translated by Professor Arnold Wall in 1919. Wall’s edition, completed in difficult circumstances and with minimal resources, is a remarkable piece of scholarship. It has remained for nearly a century the only means by which scholars outside New Zealand have been able to access the Roll.

Arnold Wall (ed. and trans.), Handbook to the Maude Roll: Being a XVth century MS. Genealogy of the British and English Kings from Noah to Edward IV., with Marginal History, Christchurch, Whitcomb & Tombs, 1919

Wall achieved some notable successes. He identified two of at least four scribal hands that appear on the document and recognized several of the major sources employed by the text’s original compiler. The century since the appearance of his edition has, however, witnessed significant advances in our understanding of the context in which the Roll was produced. These advances highlight particular problems with Wall’s introduction and notes. Wall believed the Roll a unique item connected with the Maude family. We now know it to be part of the “Noah” group of manuscripts, other examples of which exist in British and American libraries. No evidence suggests an early connection with the Maudes.

Wall’s edition also contains a number of errors, omissions, and questionable readings. By creating a new transcription as part of a digital edition, our aim is to offer scholars a clearer appreciation of the link between text and manuscript. At the same time, a new translation is intended to make a significant and complex medieval source more accessible to students and the wider public.

The Project

The Canterbury Roll Project is a multi-stage initiative led by the UC History Department. The project enables New Zealand students, who have few opportunities to engage with medieval material directly, to develop their knowledge of palaeography and medieval Latin, while simultaneously developing skills in digital humanities that can be transferred to the world beyond academia. The project is designed to engage student participation at a range of levels, from undergraduate, via the UC internship programme, through to doctoral. Where possible, initiatives and problem solving are student-led. Although directed by a team of academic specialists, the project consciously seeks to establish and operate in a team-led environment in which collective responsibility is adopted for its various elements.

The project was initiated in 2012/13 with the launch of a website designed to provide a new introduction to the Roll and access to images of the manuscript. In collaboration with the UC Arts Digital Lab and Collaborative Research Centre 933 of Heidelberg University, Stage 1 was completed in 2017. Stage 1 involves the creation of a digital edition of a new transcript and translation using TEI (Text Encoding Initiative). This version is accompanied by two sets of notes. The first, accessible via the “Notes” button, includes apparatus that explains editorial, transcription, and translation decisions. The second, accessible via the “Wall’s Reading” button, identifies points of departure between Arnold Wall’s original transcription/translation and the new version. Stage 1 also involves a significant increase in the quality of the digital images of the Roll available online. Stage 1.5, which accompanies this release, adds capability to the Stage 1 version that enables it to be viewed via a tablet or mobile device.

Stage 2 of the project is being conducted in collaboration with Nottingham Trent University (UK) with an expected release date of 2019. This involves the creation of a database that will be linked to the existing transcription/translation. The database will allow users to click on any individual mentioned in the Latin or English text and view a detailed entry, with accompanying bibliography, on that person. Further stages in the project, are intended to enable the reconstruction of the various scribal “layers” and to develop more detailed notes that will establish the relationship between the text and its sources.

Project Timeline

StageMajor outcomeTimeline
0Information website with basic photographic facsimile of Roll2013
1Release of TEI edition with high quality images, transcription, and translation. Accompanied by textual notes & indications of where the new version departs from the Wall edition 2017
1.5Release of tablet/mobile-accessible version2017
2Integration of a comprehensive database of all individuals who appear on the Roll2019
3A digitally “layered” version of the manuscript, intended to reveal the work of each scribe-
4An expanded set of notes including commentary and indications of the original sources used on a line-by-line basis-

The aim of the Canterbury Roll Project is to produce a high quality edition of the Roll that can be used for a range of research and teaching purposes. It is conceived as much as a teaching opportunity as it is a research-driven project. Its key distinction from a “traditional” transcription/translation is that while each stage of the project is subject to peer-review, the stages are not considered to be definitive versions in the manner of a print edition, which becomes “locked” on publication.

A digital approach with a modular release schedule enables the team to respond to ongoing peer-review over the lifetime of the project with the ultimate objective of creating a better resource. The project team welcomes corrections and criticism, which can be submitted to the team via the General Editor.

CNJ

Access & Citation

The Digital Edition is freely available to anyone who wishes to use it. The edition should be credited whenever it is cited.

The Canterbury Roll Digital Edition should be cited in bibliographies and reference lists as follows:

MLA
Jones, Chris, Chris Thomson, Maree Shirota, Elisabeth Rolston, Thandi Parker, and Jennifer Middendorf, editors. “The Canterbury Roll – A Digital Edition.” 2017, www.canterbury.ac.nz/canterburyroll.
Chicago
Chris Jones, Chris Thomson, Maree Shirota, Elisabeth Rolston, Thandi Parker, and Jennifer Middendorf, ed., “The Canterbury Roll – A Digital Edition,” The Canterbury Roll Project. Accessed December 1, 2017. http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/canterburyroll.

OR

Chris Jones et al., ed., “The Canterbury Roll – A Digital Edition,” The Canterbury Roll Project. Accessed December 1, 2017. http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/canterburyroll.

Individual passages in the commentary should be cited in-text or in footnotes/endnotes by CRC number in the format CRCXXX. For example:

MLA
(Canterbury Roll CRC001)
Chicago
1.
“The Canterbury Roll – A Digital Edition,” The Canterbury Roll Project, accessed December 1, 2017, http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/canterburyroll, CRC001.

Individual roundels should be cited in-text or in footnotes/endnotes by CRN number in the format CRNXXX. For example:

MLA
(Canterbury Roll CRN001)
Chicago
1.
“The Canterbury Roll – A Digital Edition,” The Canterbury Roll Project, accessed December 1, 2017, http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/canterburyroll, CRN001.

CNJ

The Transcription

The Canterbury Roll’s central genealogical tree is accompanied by a Latin commentary. The commentary consists of a history of the world from Noah’s Flood to the end of the reign of the English king, Edward IV. The commentary is broken down into passages of varying length, distributed at intervals across the whole of the Roll. Longer elements of text are placed on either side of the central tree; shorter sections also appear to either side of the tree but are sometimes placed along the central axis of the tree or linked to specific roundels.

In this edition, each element of the commentary is identified by a unique CRC number (Canterbury Roll Commentary number).

In transcribing the commentary, most decisions were based on the intention of providing a Latin text that is useful for modern readers, but also faithful to the manuscript. The Conseils pour l’édition des textes médiévaux was employed as a guide in editorial decisions, although its advice has not been followed on all points. As this is a digital edition, editorial decisions have also been shaped by TEI requirements (Text Encoding Initiative).

Françoise Vielliard and Olivier Guyojeannin, Conseils pour l’édition des textes médiévaux, Fascicule I: conseils généraux, Paris, École nationale des chartres, 2014

The final transcription is not intended for use in specialized linguistic or palaeographical studies. Instead, it is intended to offers students and those researching medieval historiography an accessible text. Consequently, some medieval conventions are retained, while the spelling of certain words has been transformed so that they are closer to the standard spellings employed in modern English scholarship.

The Script

The Roll’s commentary was produced by two main scribes, who are labelled in this edition as the Lancastrian Scribe and the Yorkist Scribe. The various “layers” of scribal hands can be removed using the Scribal Hand Slider, allowing, for example, the reader to view the Lancastrian Scribe’s work in the transcript without the later additions.

In Stage 3 of the project, the intention is to extend the ability to “remove” layers of scribal hands to the manuscript itself
The Lancastrian Scribe

The script of the original scribe is, for the most part, clear. The handwriting follows many typical conventions of 15th-century English gothic cursive bastarda script.

Arnold Wall labels the script the “ordinary blackletter of the day” in his introduction to his 1919 edition

For instance, the lowercase a is generally single-compartment with an acute angle, a feature that appeared in the 15th century in England; the lowercase f and s are long and similar; u, m, and n were written quickly, making them look identical at times; and c and t are often almost the same. Other typical features include a left loop ascender for the lowercase d, and the lowercase w, which is a curly elaborate affair.

The scribe employs three forms of lowercase r:

  • A version that looks like a modern z
  • A line that looks like a modern j (without the dot)
  • What looks like a modern r that dips below the baseline and then curves upwards

Overall, the handwriting is neat, evenly spaced, and usually consistent, which suggests a trained scribal hand.

The Yorkist Scribe

The Yorkist hand is less clear to read than that of the original scribe. This is due to a combination of factors:

  • Fading ink
  • Smaller writing
  • An informal script style

The script is a late 15th-century cursive with early “secretary hand” features. Notable points are:

  • A very acute left-leaning upper case A
  • The lowercase r drops significantly below the base line
  • The lowercase e is rolled back so that it looks almost like a modern o

There are two forms of the lowercase s:

  • A long, thick, and right-leaning vertical, with a right hook at the top, features that make it very similar to the lowercase f
  • A short, stout version that looks like a “squashed down” modern number 6

The lowercase d still looks very similar to the original hand with a left-side loop on the ascender. The lowercase c and t are sometimes very alike, although there is greater variation of how visible the horizontal strikethrough for t is. At times the baseline does not run evenly straight across several words and the letters are not consistent in size. This suggests an informal script by someone who was perhaps not as well-trained in formal writing as the original scribe.

Spelling

i – j
  • When a j is stylistically long, it has been modified to an i. For example: hijs becomes hiis
  • Spelling has been changed to reflect the conventional modern usage in English scholarship when the i or j is interchangeable. For example: periurus becomes perjurus
c – t
  • It was often difficult to determine if the scribe had written a c or a t. The letters have been used interchangeably – however much like i/j – the version closer to modern usage in English scholarship has been preferred
Double Consonants
  • The use of double consonants has been retained. For example: Affrica or Issabella

Numbers

The commentary contains a mix of number formats. The Lancastrian Scribe largely employed Indo-Arabic notation, both here and in the Roll’s roundels. At a later stage, a scribal hand – labelled in this edition the Roman Numerals Scribe – translated much of the original Indo-Arabic notation into Roman numerals. These translated numerals were usually placed in the margins of the Roll but are also sometimes provided as an interlinear gloss within the commentary. On rare occasions a gloss was, for unknown reasons, also provided by the original Lancastrian Scribe.

  • All Roman numerals have been capitalized
  • Indo-Arabic notation has been retained as it appears in the text
  • A superscript ° is retained wherever it appears. For example: 1066°
  • Abbreviations used in connection with Roman numerals have been expanded. For example: M et

The scribal hand is indicated either when it differs from the hand responsible for the rest of a passage or where a later modification has been made. Superscript has been employed to indicate the presence of an interlinear gloss. The “layers” of scribal hands can be added or subtracted using the Scribal Hand Slider. This allows, for example, the reader to view the commentary with or without the amendments made by the Roman Numerals Scribe.

In Stage 3 of the project, the intention is to extend the ability to “remove” layers of scribal hands to the manuscript itself

On occasion the numbers in the marginal gloss, are faded and extremely difficult to read. An explanation, accessible via the “Notes” button, is provided in instances where a degree of informed reconstruction is required.

Abbreviations

As the primary intention of the transcription is not to produce a version for specialist linguistic study, abbreviations are not identified in brackets or italics. Where there is some uncertainty about the way in which the abbreviation should be expanded or it seemed potentially unusual, an explanation is accessible via the “Notes” button.

Most abbreviation symbols have been removed. For example, the Latin abbreviation 9 is spelled out as -us. Occasionally, where it was thought that there might be pedagogical value in retaining an abbreviation symbol, these are included and are discussed in the notes.

Letters that have been expanded from an abbreviation are not italicized.

Proper Names
  • If the ending of a name is abbreviated, it is signalled with an apostrophe to allow for possible variations. For example, Willm’ could be expanded as Willelmus, Willielmus, or Wilhelmus (even without considering the Latin cases); similarly Joh’ could be expanded as Johannes, Johanes, or Johannus. An abbreviation mark has been retained in such cases in order to avoid assigning decisions about the spelling of proper names to the scribe on the basis of no evidence.
  • The expansion of Philippus (in the case of Philip IV the Fair) is an exception to the above rule. This name is spelled out in full on one occasion before abbreviations such as Phm’ or Phi’ are employed, which make the scribe’s original intention clear.
  • When only one or two letters are abbreviated and the intended spelling/case is not in any doubt, the name has been spelled out in full. For example: Annā is Annam; Edmūdus is Edmundus.
Greek Letters Used in Abbreviations
  • Χρς has been given as Christus
  • Although in X’anus the X is no longer used as a letter of the Greek alphabet, the transcription converts X into Chris-. For example, X’anus is transcribed Christianus

Grammar

To improve the ease of reading, commas have been inserted into lists and relative clauses. When a passage is overly long, a full stop has been employed to split the text into shorter sentences. Both changes inevitably involve a degree of intervention on the part of the transcriber but in all cases the intention has been to balance making sense of the text against the aim of retaining a version as close to the original as possible. The first letter of a word has been capitalized if the word is:

  • At the beginning of a paragraph
  • At the beginning of a sentence
  • A proper name of a person, place, or book
  • Used to refer to a person or a divinity. For example: Deus and Imperatrix (the latter when referring to the Empress Matilda)
  • The name of a month
  • A certain day of the year. For example: Dominica Palmarum

The text has been laid out to match the line breaks as they appear in the manuscript. The window in which the transcription is viewed, the “Manuscript” tab, is manually adjustable – horizontally and vertically – by the user. If the “Manuscript” tab is made too narrow, the text of any given line will “wrap” on to the next line and break at the point where the line would normally have ended. The original layout, as it appears on the manuscript, can be restored by stretching the window horizontally.

  • Where words are split between two lines in the manuscript, the transcription places the complete word on the first line. The subsequent line begins with the first complete word in that line
  • Interlinear gloss appears in superscript with an indication of the scribal hand
  • Marginal gloss is placed, with an indication of scribal hand, in the appropriate margin as close to the relevant line with which it is connected as possible

Rubrication, Illegible Text, & Scribal Corrections

Both the Lancastrian and Yorkist scribes are in the habit of adding a red vertical line to proper names. This is not indicated in the transcription. However, we have taken advantage of the digital format to indicate whole words or sentences that appear in red ink. Intentional erasures that remain visible are transcribed but struck through. Text that was mistakenly repeated by the scribe is transcribed but “faded” out. Illegible sections of text are placed in square brackets ([ ]).

  • Where the text is completely uncertain it is given as […] with a suggested reading accessible via the “Notes” button
  • Where the reading is certain but the text is illegible it is supplied within square brackets with an explanation accessible via the “Notes” button

Insertions

Square brackets ([ ]) have been employed to indicate additions to the text by the transcriber and the editorial team. Unless the issue is purely grammatical, an explanation is provided, accessible via the “Notes” button.

In certain instances the scribes added commentary text around particular roundels but with the intention that it be read with the text within the roundel as an integral element. In such cases the text outside the roundel, considered here as part of the commentary, appears in square brackets when the roundel is selected; on the other hand, the text supplied from the roundel appears in square brackets when the commentary text is selected.

Wall’s Edition – The Commentary

The orthography in the new transcription frequently departs from that provided by Arnold Wall in his 1919 edition. Major variations or cases where Wall’s readings are entirely different to the new transcription can be consulted by using the “Wall’s Reading” button. However, this latter is not intended to provide a comprehensive list that includes all minor variations. For a fuller understanding, the reader is invited to consult Wall’s original edition.

Wall’s text contains a number of errors and questionable readings, all of which are corrected here. The new transcription also includes a number of passages that were omitted from Wall’s edition.

MSH

The Roundels

The transcription of the Canterbury Roll’s roundels posed unique challenges, and was undertaken separately from the commentary. Re-establishing the Roll’s original form helps to uncover the motivations of its various scribes and their agendas. For example, examining the translation of the Indo-Arabic notation in the roundels into Roman numerals reveals a deliberate decision by a later scribe to change the length of one ruler’s reign (Edward III).

In this edition, each roundel is identified by a unique CRN number (Canterbury Roundel Number).

The Structure

The central genealogical tree of the Canterbury Roll consists of a series of roundels, which are linked together to indicate either lineage or the transfer of rulership. The text within the roundels, if not the roundels themselves is, in the majority of cases, the work of the Lancastrian Scribe. A small number of roundels with accompanying text were added, with considerably less care, by the Yorkist Scribe.

The central genealogical tree begins with Noah’s Ark and concludes with King Edward IV. In addition to sub-branches of the central tree, there are 3 separate sub-trees, all of which feed into the main stem. These sub-trees comprise the line of Norman dukes, beginning with Rollo; the line of French kings, beginning with Louis IX; and a line representing the Mortimer family.

Each roundel includes a name, occasionally a title and, if applicable, the length of rule of the individual who appears in it. In the Lancastrian Scribe’s original version, the regnal period was noted in Indo-Arabic notation below the name of the ruler. At an unknown point – but presumably before the additions of the Yorkist Scribe were incorporated – a third scribe, who we have designated the Roman Numerals Scribe, translated some of the regnal years into Roman numerals and appended these to the relevant roundels. These additions usually appear above the ruler’s name. The same scribe translated much of the Indo-Arabic notation in the commentary.

Towards a New Edition

Generally speaking, the same editorial rules have been applied to the roundels as have been used in the commentary. At the same time, a more liberal approach has been taken to the expansion of abbreviated names.

Our aim in this project was to represent the Roll as accurately as possible. All the roundels are included, even those that are repeated or left blank. Similarly, all the annotations that include Roman numerals are present. Where the Roman Numerals Scribe does not, for whatever reason, accurately represent the original Indo-Arabic notation an explanation is accessible via the “Notes” button. The Roman Numerals Scribe’s decision to omit the numbering of certain rulers who received Indo-Arabic notation is also noted.

Rubrication, Illegible Text, & Scribal Errors

We have taken advantage of the digital format to indicate whole words or sentences that appear in red, or, on one occasion, blue ink within the roundels.

Intentional erasures that remain visible are transcribed but struck through. Text that was mistakenly repeated by the scribe is transcribed but “faded” out.

Illegible sections of text are placed in square brackets ([ ]).

  • Where the text is completely uncertain it is given as […] with a suggested reading accessible via the “Notes” button
  • Where the reading is certain but the text is illegible it is supplied within square brackets with an explanation accessible via the “Notes” button

Insertions

Square brackets ([ ]) have been employed to indicate additions to the text by the transcriber and editorial team. Unless the issue is purely grammatical, an explanation for each insertion is made available via the “Notes” button.

In certain instances the scribes added commentary text around particular roundels but with the intention that it be read with the text within the roundel as an integral element. In such cases the text outside the roundel, considered here as part of the commentary, appears in square brackets when the roundel is selected; on the other hand, the text supplied from the roundel appears in square brackets when the commentary text is selected.

Wall’s Edition – The Roundels

While Arnold Wall’s Handbook to the Maude Roll is a useful overview of the manuscript, upon close inspection it is clear Wall omitted much potentially useful information. The most striking material to be omitted are the Roman numerals added to the roundels (the Roman Numerals Scribe was not identified until 2016). In order to avoid unnecessary and repetitive notes, Wall’s consistent omission of the Roman numerals is not highlighted via the “Wall’s Reading” button. However, by using the Scribal Hand Slider, readers are able to view the text with or without the additions of the Roman Numerals Scribe.

In Stage 3 of the project, the intention is to extend the ability to “remove” layers of scribal hands to the manuscript itself

Cases in which Wall omitted, misidentified, or misread the content of roundels are otherwise noted. His transcriptions can be consulted via the “Wall’s Reading” button. A good example is the case of Edward I’s daughter, Eleanor, who became Countess of Bar. In Wall’s transcription/translation she is, mistakenly, identified as “countess of Bath”.

Wall also omitted, re-arranged, and added whole roundels in his edition. Omissions usually occurred when the roundel was blank or in cases where the roundel was duplicated and Wall believed, presumably, that it was therefore superfluous. Re-arrangements and additions occurred where Wall sought to clarify relationships that could not be easily represented in a print edition. The Digital Edition restores the reader’s ability to view all the roundels as they appear on the Roll.

TRP

The Translation

The aim of this translation has been to produce a version of the commentary and roundels that is clear and understandable to a reader of modern English, while remaining true to the Latin. Where possible, the idiomatic phrasing of the original has been retained. For example, the common phrase duxit in uxorem is translated as “led into marriage” rather than simply as “married”. At the same time, this is not a word-for-word literal translation of the Roll; the result would be almost unintelligible. To ensure readability, some sentences have been re-arranged and some phrases modified. Interventions of this nature have, however, been deliberately kept to a minimum.

Scribal Hands & Errors

The translation does not incorporate notes indicating the various changes in scribal hand. Nor does it include, for the commentary, “duplicated” information, such as the numbers that are presented in Indo-Arabic notation by the Lancastrian Scribe and in Roman numerals by the Roman Numerals Scribe (this information is, however, included for the roundels). It is suggested that readers who are interested in the change in scribal hands read the English version with the Latin button toggled to the “on” position.

Scribal errors are noted and corrected in the Latin transcription. The translation follows these corrections. An explanation for specific corrections is accessible via the “Notes” button. Generally, these replicate the notes that appear in the Latin text. However, on occasion additional notes are included with the translation. These are employed to indicate particularly complex passages in the Latin where the meaning remains ambiguous but also highlight instances in which Wall’s translation differs significantly from that given here. The latter variations can be consulted using the “Wall’s Reading” button.

Names, Places & Units of Measurement

Translating names, places, and units of measurement present challenges. Units of measurement have been anglicized if there is a commonly accepted translation, such as pounds or acres; they are left in Latin if no such common translation exists (for example, the currencies of denarii and solidi).

To retain one important aspect of the Roll’s idiosyncratic structure, modern Indo-Arabic numbers have been used where the Lancastrian Scribe employs Indo-Arabic notation; numbers are, however, spelt out where the same scribe uses Roman numerals. In the case of the Yorkist Scribe, the standard convention of translating Roman numerals into modern notation has been employed. As noted above, the Roman Numerals Scribe’s work has not been included in the commentary.

Where possible, spellings for the names of people and places reflect modern English usage to ensure easy recognition. Proper names in the commentary have been standardized with those in the roundels. Any cases where ambiguity over an identification exists have been signalled in the notes, and will be more fully explored in Stage 2 of the project. For Anglo-Saxon names the spellings used in the Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England have been preferred.

Michael Lapidge, John Blair, Simon Keynes, & Donald Scragg (ed.), Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England, 2nd edn, Chichester, Blackwell, 2014

Where useful, traditional archaic names for regions of Britain – such as Cambria, Loegria, and Albany – have been retained. Names such as Wallia, Hibernia, and Anglia have been systematically anglicized, in this case as “Wales”, “Ireland”, and “England” respectively. The Roll consistently refers to the Vikings and their descendants as “Dacians”. This is translated as “Danes” to aid clarity, although a number of instances of “Dacians” early on in the text have been retained.

Insertions

Square brackets ([ ]) have been employed to indicate additions to the text by the translator. These are often necessitated by “missing” content in the original Latin, the absence of which obscures the meaning in modern English. Where the reading is ambiguous an explanation is accessible via the “Notes” button.

In certain instances the scribes added commentary text around particular roundels but with the intention that it be read with the text within the roundel as an integral element. In such cases the text outside the roundel, considered here as part of the commentary, appears in square brackets in the translation when the roundel is selected; on the other hand, the text supplied from the roundel appears in square brackets when the commentary text is selected.

The translation is presented as a continuous text. No attempt has been made to match the English to the layout of the original manuscript.

Wall’s Translation

This translation offers a new reading of the text, one that varies in a number of instances from Wall’s original. Significant variations can be consulted using the “Wall’s Reading” button. The majority of the differences originate in mistakes in Wall’s Latin edition but a small number result from Wall’s lack of familiarity with medieval vocabulary. For example, Wall translates miles as “warrior”; this version prefers “knight”. On occasion Wall also made mistakes. In CRC128, labelled paragraph 99 in Wall’s original text, Wall misread blodea as bladea. Taking this as a scribal error for blado, his translation reads: “This line, which is placed in the middle of the page and is red ...” as opposed to “This blue and red line, placed in the middle ...”. The aim is to offer the reader a more nuanced translation than Wall, working with limited resources, was able to accomplish. It also includes material that was not translated by Wall.

EMR

The Digital Edition

The Canterbury Roll Digital Edition follows established best practices for digital scholarly editing and publication. This section focuses on how we have used the Text Encoding Initiative (TEI P5) guidelines for the digital transcription and translation, but also describes other software components and their purpose. The web application that presents the edition is produced using an Apache Cocoon web application running in an Apache Tomcat application server. We make use of Cocoon’s powerful XML processing pipeline to convert our TEI XML into HTML webpages. Custom interactive elements were written in JavaScript to add graphic elements to the digital facsimile and provide a more dynamic and engaging user experience.

Structure of the TEI file

The TEI guidelines provide a highly descriptive and information-rich framework that has allowed the project team to model and mark up the transcription and translation, as well as link the edition text to high quality digital facsimiles. The result is a single, semi-structured, and finely detailed TEI file that is both readable by humans and by software. The TEI file records all the textual information needed for the dynamic web application that presents the Canterbury Roll to users, and can easily be supplemented by integration and interlinking with digital facsimiles and additional external resources. The plain text format for TEI files means they are well placed for digital preservation and should be accessible by a wide range of software and operating systems in future.

For medievalists, this approach to digital scholarship is important because of the centrality of the primary sources to historical research, and the ways scholars use these resources to make new connections and interpretations. Ciula and Lopez, “Reflecting on a Dual Publication,” 131.

While our TEI file is used to organize all the textual information that appears on the project website, it does this in a largely accessible and software-agnostic way, in order to support study by the widest range of specialist and non-specialist audiences now and into the future.

The Canterbury Roll TEI XML file is divided into four main sections:

  • TEI Header. This provides detailed metadata about the Roll and the project itself.
  • Facsimile. This defines the location of roundels and marginal commentary on the digital images.
  • Graph. This defines the identities and relationships of the roundels of the central tree.
  • Commentary. This includes the Latin transcription and English translation of the commentary, along with textual variants and notes.

The TEI Header contains a range of descriptive metadata, including a Manuscript Description <msdesc> section, which provides a detailed physical and bibliographic description of the Roll. The present study has uncovered new information about the scribal hands and numeric annotation of the roundels which are recorded here, for example. It also records editorial and technical information essential for documenting the various aspects of producing the Digital Edition, including a list of researchers and the nature of their contributions. The granularity encouraged by the TEI guidelines in this regard highlights an important difference between print and digital editions: the latter reflects a greater degree of collaboration since a wider mix of knowledges and techniques are required to edit a digital text.

The <facsimile> section details the location and key metadata for all the zones users may interact with when using the digital facsimile. Each roundel and section of commentary is described by a <zone> element with a unique identifier. Each of these zones has an @xml:id attribute prepended by the string 'CRZ', and a @type attribute denoting whether it bounds a roundel or a section of commentary. Both types of zone were defined by pixel coordinates of a bounding box, which we created manually using the Image Markup Tool (version 1.8.2.2) (developed by Martin Holmes at the University of Victoria). For the roundels, we defined a rectangle from which we could derive the radius and centre of a circle to represent each roundel within our software. For the commentary text, we used the Image Markup Tool to draw more complex polygons defining the boundary of each section of commentary. Sometimes these are quite irregular, according to the space available for the scribe. Data for both types of zone are recorded in the @points attribute of each <zone> element.

The structure and textual contents of the genealogical tree and associated commentary are contained within the TEI <text> element. Within this we chose to mark up the tree structure of the Roll using the TEI’s ‘nets’ module for representing graphs, networks, and trees. Roundels are encoded as <node> elements and the lines of descent between them are encoded as <arc> elements. The attributes of nodes and arcs record the relationships between nodes, a reference to the corresponding <zone> element, as well as properties such as text annotations, colour, damage, or special features. Although Stage 1 of the project makes only limited use of this markup, it enables important future developments. First, it provides an appropriate model for recording the properties of relationships between roundels, such as whether succession is patrilineal or otherwise. Secondly, the graph section will enable selection and description of portions of the Roll using methods drawn from network analysis. This could make less noticeable structural or quantitative relationships between portions of the Roll more apparent. Future research on the Roll might proceed by selecting all nodes in a particular line of descent, or all nodes that are highly connected, and examine metadata or commentary text associated with these sections. Such interrogations of the Roll could also be made available visually through the website’s user interface as part of future work. We aim to extend the ways scholars could identify patterns or elements of interest that would be otherwise overlooked when viewing the physical object or digital facsimile alone.

The text of the transcription and translation follow the graph structure, and are presented in parallel <div> elements. These shared the numeric portion of the ‘CRC’ xml:id attribute, but the Latin and English identifiers are differentiated by a suffix - ‘-la’ or ‘-en’ respectively. In addition, the language is explicitly marked using the xml:lang attribute. This organisation aids the human reader or editor as well as making it simple for software to retrieve the corresponding translation. As noted in the introduction to the transcription and translation, we have chosen to mark up several important features at the sentence and word level, including scribal hand changes and errors, Arnold Wall’s readings, as well as transcriber’s and translator’s editorial notes. These features are marked up using standard TEI elements such as <sic>, <choice> and <note>. We took a fairly standard approach to ensure this markup was applied consistently, using a slightly modified XML Schema based on the ‘tei_ms’ customisation provided by the TEI Consortium. The project schema was created with the online Roma tool and is available in our Github repository. In large part this schema was used by a couple of team members to integrate the work of others into the TEI framework.

We drew on a variety of skill-sets and available software to produce different parts of the TEI file. The text of the transcription and translation were produced using print notation in a word processor, then converted to TEI using the oXygen XML editing software. We also used oXygen to check and integrate the markup of other sections. Some of the more straightforward markup was added in independent stages using Notepad++, while a group of students edited the TEI file concurrently with Github’s in-browser editor and used branches and pull requests to manage their changes.

Manuscript Viewer

Digitized facsimiles provide a very different experience when compared with the direct visual and tactile experience of physically interacting with a manuscript. This is particularly important for medieval studies given the intellectual and emotional experience of reading medieval manuscripts was shaped greatly by physical touch (Burns, “Digital Facsimiles and the Modern Viewer,” 151), even to the extent that it could be considered a kind of ‘interactive media’. Therefore, one of the motivations of our project was to provide a way to interact with the digital facsimile in a suitably dynamic way. Interfaces for viewing cultural collections and objects often have limited capacity for user interaction, not least because of the cost to implement them and technical support required. In the past there has tended to be a (quite justified) focus on digital preservation rather than on interaction, leading to poor user experience despite the availability of very high quality images. Our project was not about developing new solutions to such problems; but we were fortunate to be able to make use of more recent open-source image viewer software, such as the OpenSeaDragon JavaScript library, that can offer considerably improved user experience. This library provides a zoomable, draggable interface that uses an image tiling approach to present the digital facsimile. This directly addresses the problem of image loading performance by breaking the image surface into many tiles at multiple levels of zoom. In much the same way as users of Google Maps can load new portions of the map as they pan across, the image data for the Canterbury Roll manuscript is dynamically loaded according to the user’s actions.

CJT

Latin

English

Notes

Wall's Reading

Roundel number: CRN001

[Image of a ship]
[Superimposed red rose]
[Noah]

Roundel number: CRN002

Sem
Shem

Roundel number: CRN006

Japhet
Japhet

Roundel number: CRN003

Cham
Ham

Roundel number: CRN007

Strephus
Strephus

Roundel number: CRN091

Jenan vel Janan
Jenan or Janan

Roundel number: CRN004

Chus
Cush

Roundel number: CRN005

Nemroth
Nimrod

Roundel number: CRN008

Bedegius
Bedegius

Roundel number: CRN009

Gnala
Gnala

Roundel number: CRN010

Kadra
Kadra

Roundel number: CRN011

Sternodius
Sternodius

Roundel number: CRN012

Steph
Steph

Roundel number: CRN013

Steldius
Steldius

Roundel number: CRN014

Boerinus
Boerin

Roundel number: CRN015

Cinrincius
Cinrincius

Roundel number: CRN016

Gothus
Gothus

Roundel number: CRN017

Iutus
Jutus

Roundel number: CRN018

Wandalus
Vandalus

Roundel number: CRN019

Thetus
Thetus

Roundel number: CRN020

Fresus
Fresus

Roundel number: CRN021

Suethedus
Suethedus

Roundel number: CRN022

Dachus
Dachus

Roundel number: CRN023

Geate
Geate

Roundel number: CRN024

Godulphus
Godulphus

Roundel number: CRN025

Finnius
Finnius

Roundel number: CRN026

Fridalasius
Fridalasius

Roundel number: CRN027

Fridewaldus
Fridewaldus

Roundel number: CRN028

Godenus
Godenus

Roundel number: CRN029

Beldegius
Beldegius

Roundel number: CRN030

Beymundus
Beymundus

Roundel number: CRN031

Fridegarius
Fridegarius

Roundel number: CRN032

Fridewynus
Fridewynus

Roundel number: CRN033

Winegius
Winegius

Roundel number: CRN034

Gywis
Gywis

Roundel number: CRN035

Eslius
Eslius

Roundel number: CRN036

Elesius
Elesius

Roundel number: CRN037

Cerdius
Cerdius

Roundel number: CRN038

Cealinus
Cealinus

Roundel number: CRN039

Guda
Guda

Roundel number: CRN040

Gewaldus
Gewaldus

Roundel number: CRN041

Kenardus
Kenardus

Roundel number: CRN042

Ingils
Ingils

Roundel number: CRN043

Orpa
Orpa

Roundel number: CRN044

Caphe
Caphe

Roundel number: CRN045

Jetha et Geatha
Jetha and Geatha

Roundel number: CRN046

Flocwall et Folcwall
Flocwall and Folcwall

Roundel number: CRN047

Fynn
Fynn

Roundel number: CRN048

Fredulf
Fredulf

Roundel number: CRN049

Woden
Woden

Roundel number: CRN050

Frealaf
Frealaff

Roundel number: CRN051

Vecta
Vecta

Roundel number: CRN052

Victa
Victa

Roundel number: CRN053

Widgils
Widgils

Roundel number: CRN054

Kantia
Kent

Roundel number: CRN055

Wepedag
Wepedag

Roundel number: CRN056

Sigegeag
Sigegeag

Roundel number: CRN057

Seablad
Seablad

Roundel number: CRN058

Sesugill
Sesugill

Roundel number: CRN059

Westreflacna
Westreflacna

Roundel number: CRN060

Witgils
Witgils

Roundel number: CRN061

Uskfrea
Uskfrea

Roundel number: CRN062

Est Anglia
East Anglia

Roundel number: CRN307

Uffa et Ulfa
Uffa and Ulfa

Roundel number: CRN063

Widat
Widat

Roundel number: CRN064

Weremund
Weremund

Roundel number: CRN065

Offa
Offa

Roundel number: CRN066

Angelthen
Angelthen

Roundel number: CRN067

Comer
Comer

Roundel number: CRN068

Yall
Yall

Roundel number: CRN069

Kniwa
Kniwa

Roundel number: CRN070

Singwald
Singwald

Roundel number: CRN071

Northumbria
Northumbria

Roundel number: CRN072

Merciorum
[Kingdom of the]Mercians

Roundel number: CRN073

Saxnad
Saxony

Roundel number: CRN074

Andesk
Andesk

Roundel number: CRN075

Gefat
Gefat

Roundel number: CRN076

Spezwe
Spezwe

Roundel number: CRN077

Sigewolf
Sigewolf

Roundel number: CRN078

Reidkan
Reidkan

Roundel number: CRN079

Offe
Offe

Roundel number: CRN080

Est Sexia
Essex

Roundel number: CRN081

Beldec
Beldec

Roundel number: CRN082

Brand
Brand

Roundel number: CRN083

Beonok
Benok

Roundel number: CRN084

Alek
Alek

Roundel number: CRN085

Angenwyt
Angenwyt

Roundel number: CRN086

Ingwyn
Ingwyn

Roundel number: CRN087

Esee
Esee

Roundel number: CRN088

Gorpe
Gorpe

Roundel number: CRN089

West Sexia
Wessex

Roundel number: CRN090

South Sexia
Sussex

Roundel number: CRN092

Cethnius
Cethis

Roundel number: CRN093

Ciprius
Cyprus

Roundel number: CRN094

Cretus
Cretus

Roundel number: CRN095

Celinus
Celius

Roundel number: CRN096

Saturnus
Saturn

Roundel number: CRN097

Jupiter
Jupiter

Roundel number: CRN098

Dardanus
Dardanus

Roundel number: CRN099

Erictonius
Erictonius

Roundel number: CRN100

Troius
Trojus

Roundel number: CRN101

Ilius
Ilus

Roundel number: CRN105

Assaracus
Assaracus

Roundel number: CRN102

Lamedon
Lamedon

Roundel number: CRN103

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Priamus
Priam

Roundel number: CRN104

Hector
Hector

Roundel number: CRN106

Capis
Capis

Roundel number: CRN107

Anchises
Anchises

Roundel number: CRN108

Eneas
Aeneas

Roundel number: CRN109

Silvius posthumus
Silvius Posthumous

Roundel number: CRN110

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Latinus
Latinus

Roundel number: CRN111

Alban
Alban

Roundel number: CRN112

Et sic usque ad Remum et Romulum
And thus up to Remus and Romulus

Roundel number: CRN113

Ascanius
Ascanius

Roundel number: CRN114

Silvius
Silvius

Roundel number: CRN115

Brutus
Brutus

Roundel number: CRN116

Albanactus
Albanactus

Roundel number: CRN117

Kambrius
Cambrius

Roundel number: CRN118

Gormoniaun
Gormoniaun

Roundel number: CRN119

Dunwalheon
Dunwalheon

Roundel number: CRN120

Morganus
Morgan

Roundel number: CRN121

Belymaure
Belymaure

Roundel number: CRN122

Lud
Lud

Roundel number: CRN123

Aveleth
Aveleth

Roundel number: CRN124

Avelath
Avelath

Roundel number: CRN125

Eudolen
Eudolen

Roundel number: CRN126

Eudos
Eudos

Roundel number: CRN127

Cunic
Cunic

Roundel number: CRN128

Gudeyrn
Gudeyrn

Roundel number: CRN129

Rydern
Rydern

Roundel number: CRN130

Grade
Grade

Roundel number: CRN131

Urban
Urban

Roundel number: CRN132

Tyntyll
Tyntyll

Roundel number: CRN133

Dehewynt
Dehewynt

Roundel number: CRN134

Tecuan
Tecuan

Roundel number: CRN135

Choyl Godabanc
Choyn Godabanc

Roundel number: CRN136

Kenen
Kenen

Roundel number: CRN137

Padern paysruth
Padern paysruth

Roundel number: CRN138

Gedeyn
Gedeyn

Roundel number: CRN139

Cunnedarledic
Cunn edarledic

Roundel number: CRN140

Eynann Yrth
Eynann Yrth

Roundel number: CRN141

Kadwallauhyr
Kadwallauhyr

Roundel number: CRN142

Maylgo
Malgo

Roundel number: CRN143

Maylgo Magnus
Malgo the Great

Roundel number: CRN144

Eynann
Eynann

Roundel number: CRN145

Run
Run

Roundel number: CRN146

Bely
Bely

Roundel number: CRN147

Yago
Iago

Roundel number: CRN148

XL

Kadwanus
40 annorum
XL
Kadwanus
40 years

Roundel number: CRN149

Kadwallo
Kadwallo

Roundel number: CRN150

Kadwaladrus
Kadwaladrus

Roundel number: CRN151

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Inorus
Inorus

Roundel number: CRN152

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Ym
Ym

Roundel number: CRN153

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Idwall Iurth
Idwall Iurth

Roundel number: CRN154

Rodri malitinant
Rhodri Molwynog

Roundel number: CRN155

Kanaan dyndeythos
Kanaan dyndeythos

Roundel number: CRN156

Dechild
Dechild

Roundel number: CRN157

Mernembreth
Mernem breth

Roundel number: CRN158

Bodrivaur
Bodrivaur

Roundel number: CRN159

Anarand
Anarand

Roundel number: CRN160

Idwall voyll
Idwal voyll

Roundel number: CRN161

Menrit
Menrit

Roundel number: CRN162

Idwall
Idwal

Roundel number: CRN163

Yago
Iago

Roundel number: CRN164

Kanaan
Kanaan

Roundel number: CRN165

Griffinus decollatus a suis
Gruffinus was beheaded by his own people

Roundel number: CRN166

Yerwede
Yerwede

Roundel number: CRN167

Lewelinus
Llewelyn

Roundel number: CRN168

Gruffrius
Gruffrius

Roundel number: CRN169

Oweyngoth
Oweyngoth

Roundel number: CRN170

Lewilinus
Llewelyn

Roundel number: CRN171

David
David

Roundel number: CRN172

Rodri
Rodri

Roundel number: CRN173

Radell
Radell

Roundel number: CRN174

Howellda
Howellda

Roundel number: CRN175

Owynus
Owen

Roundel number: CRN176

Eynann
Eynann

Roundel number: CRN177

Kadell
Kadell

Roundel number: CRN178

Resus
Resus

Roundel number: CRN179

Gruffinus
Gruffninus

Roundel number: CRN180

Resus maure
Resus the Moor

Roundel number: CRN181

Resus
Resus

Roundel number: CRN182

Mereduth
Mereduth

Roundel number: CRN183

Idem Mereduth
The same Mereduth

Roundel number: CRN184

Resus
Resus

Roundel number: CRN185

X

Locrinus
10
X
Locrinus
10

Roundel number: CRN186

XL

Maddan
40
XL
Maddan
40

Roundel number: CRN187

XX

Mempricius
20
XX
Mempricius
20

Roundel number: CRN188

LX

Ebrancus
60
LX
Ebraucus
60

Roundel number: CRN189

XII

Brutus viridescutum
12
XII
Brutus Greenshield
12

Roundel number: CRN190

XXV

Leyl
25
XXV
Leil
25

Roundel number: CRN191

XXXIX

Runhyrbras
39
XXXIX
Rud Hud Hudibras
39

Roundel number: CRN192

XXVI

Bladuth
26
XXVI
Bladud
26

Roundel number: CRN193

LX

Leyr
60
LX
Lear
60

Roundel number: CRN194

Gnarilla
3
Gonarilla
3

Roundel number: CRN195

Morganus
2
Morgan
2

Roundel number: CRN196

Cordella
5
Cordelia
5

Roundel number: CRN197

III

Regan
3
III
Regan
3

Roundel number: CRN198

XXXV

Cunedagius
35
XXXV
Cunedag
35

Roundel number: CRN199

XIX

Rutlan vel Rivallo
19
XIX
Rutlan or Riwallo
19

Roundel number: CRN200

VII

Gurgustus
7
VII
Gurgustius
7

Roundel number: CRN201

XV

Sisillius
15
XV
Sisillius
15

Roundel number: CRN202

Yago
Iago

Roundel number: CRN203

IX

Kymarcus
9
IX
Kimarcus
9

Roundel number: CRN204

Gorbodugo
Gorboduc

Roundel number: CRN205

Porrex
Porrex

Roundel number: CRN206

XL

Dunwallo vel Molimitius
40
XL
Dunwallo or Mumultius
40

Roundel number: CRN207

Brenius
5
Brennius
5

Roundel number: CRN208

XXIIII

Belinus
24
XXIIII
Belinus
24

Roundel number: CRN209

Gurgwynt bartrut
Gurgiunt Barbtruc

Roundel number: CRN210

Guthelinus
Guithelin

Roundel number: CRN211

XV

Sisillius
15
XV
Sisillius
15

Roundel number: CRN212

XI

Kymarus
11
XI
Kinarius
11

Roundel number: CRN213

Danius
15
Danius
15

Roundel number: CRN214

X

Morwidus
10
X
Morvidus
10

Roundel number: CRN215

VII

Gorbonianus
7
VII
Gorbonianus
7

Roundel number: CRN216

X

Archigallo
10
X
Arthgallo
10

Roundel number: CRN217

Elidurus pius
Elidur the pious

Roundel number: CRN218

VII

Peredurus
7
VII
Peredur
7

Roundel number: CRN219

VII

Vigenius
7
VII
Vigenius
7

Roundel number: CRN220

XI

Regyn
11
XI
Regyn
11

Roundel number: CRN221

XXI

Morganus
21
XXI
Morgan
21

Roundel number: CRN222

VI

Eynaun
6
VI
Ennianus
6

Roundel number: CRN223

VII

Idwall
7
VII
Idwal
7

Roundel number: CRN224

IX

Rim
9
IX
Rhun
9

Roundel number: CRN225

III

Geroncius
3
III
Geraint
3

Roundel number: CRN226

VIII

Catell
8
VIII
Kadell
8

Roundel number: CRN227

XI

Choyll
11
XI
Coel
11

Roundel number: CRN228

II

Porrex
2
II
Porrex
2

Roundel number: CRN229

XXI

Cheryn
21
XXI
Cherin
21

Roundel number: CRN230

Fulgentius
11
Fulgenius
11

Roundel number: CRN231

Androgius
19
Andragius
19

Roundel number: CRN232

VI

Eldadus
6
VI
Edadus
6

Roundel number: CRN233

L

Vrianus
50
L
Urianus
50

Roundel number: CRN234

XL

Eliud
40
XL
Eliud
40

Roundel number: CRN235

XII

Cledancus
12
XII
Cledauc
12

Roundel number: CRN236

X

Clotenus
10
X
Cloten
10

Roundel number: CRN237

VII

Gurguntius
7
VII
Gurguint
7

Roundel number: CRN238

V

Merianus
5
V
Merianus
5

Roundel number: CRN239

Blethinus
1
Bledud
1

Roundel number: CRN240

XI

Caap
11
XI
Cap
11

Roundel number: CRN241

XIX

Cenus
19
XIX
Oenus
19

Roundel number: CRN242

XIII

Sisillius
13
XIII
Sisillius
13

Roundel number: CRN243

Archinayll
2
Arthmail
2

Roundel number: CRN244

XV

Bledgabred
15
XV
Bledgabred
15

Roundel number: CRN245

XXV

Eldol
25
XXV
Eldol
25

Roundel number: CRN246

VII

Rodyon
7
VII
Redion
7

Roundel number: CRN247

Rydergius
Redech

Roundel number: CRN248

Sawl 29
Pemsell 14
Samuil 29
Penissel 14

Roundel number: CRN249

XII

Pyr
12
XII
Pir
12

Roundel number: CRN250

VIII

Capoyr
8
VIII
Capoir
8

Roundel number: CRN251

XXVIII

Diwellius
28
XXVIII
Cligueillius
28

Roundel number: CRN252

Ely
Heli

Roundel number: CRN253

Lud
21
Lud
21

Roundel number: CRN254

Nennius
Nennius

Roundel number: CRN255

XII

Cassibelianus
12
XII
Cassibelaunus
12

Roundel number: CRN256

XXIII

Tenancius
23
XXIII
Tenvantius
23

Roundel number: CRN257

X

Kymbelinus
10
X
Cymbeline
10

Roundel number: CRN258

XIII

Guiderus
13
XIII
Guiderius
13

Roundel number: CRN259

Arviragus
11
Arviragus
11

Roundel number: CRN260

XXIX

Marius
29
XXIX
Marius
29

Roundel number: CRN261

XL

Choylus
40
XL
Coilus
40

Roundel number: CRN263

Severus romanus
Severus the Roman

Roundel number: CRN262

LXVII

Lucius rex

67
LXVII
King Lucius
67

Roundel number: CRN264

XII

Basianus
12
XII
Bassianus
12

Roundel number: CRN265

Gethas
Geta

Roundel number: CRN266

VII

Carautius
7
VII
Carausius
7

Roundel number: CRN267

III

Allectus romanus
3
III
Allectus the Roman
3

Roundel number: CRN268

X

Asclepiodotus
10
X
Asclepiodotus
10

Roundel number: CRN269

XXX

Choyll
30
XXX
Coel
30

Roundel number: CRN270

XI

Constantius romanus
11
XI
Constantius the Roman
11

Roundel number: CRN271

XXX

Constantinus magnus

30
XXX
Constantine the Great
30

Roundel number: CRN272

LV

Octonius
55
LV
Octavius
55

Roundel number: CRN273

V

Maximianus magnus
5
V
Maximian the Great
5

Roundel number: CRN274

Gratianus romanus
7
Gratianus the Roman
7

Roundel number: CRN275

X

Constantinus
10
X
Constantine
10

Roundel number: CRN276

Constans
7
Constans
7

Roundel number: CRN277

Utherpendragon
Uther Pendragon

Roundel number: CRN278

XXIII

Vortigerus
23
XXIII
Vortigern
23

Roundel number: CRN279

Vortimerus
6
Vortimer
6

Roundel number: CRN280

XVII

Aurelius ambrosius
17
XVII
Aurelius Ambrosius
17

Roundel number: CRN281

Utherpendragon frater
Uther Pendragon, his brother

Roundel number: CRN282

XXIX

Arthurus
29
XXIX
Arthur
29

Roundel number: CRN283

Constantinus tertius
4
Constantine III
4

Roundel number: CRN284

Conanus
3
Conan
3

Roundel number: CRN285

Vortiporius
4
Vortipor
4

Roundel number: CRN286

Maylgo
5
Malgo
5

Roundel number: CRN287

Careticus
Caretic

Roundel number: CRN288

XXXI

Hengistus
31
XXXI
Hengist
31

Roundel number: CRN289

XXIIII

Eswi et Ostha
24
XXIIII
Eswi and Ostha
24

Roundel number: CRN290

Otra
Otra

Roundel number: CRN291

LVI

Edelbrith
56
LVI
Æthelbert
56

Roundel number: CRN292

XXIIII

Edelbaldus
24
XXIIII
Æthelbald
24

Roundel number: CRN293

XXVI

Artenbruthus
26
XXVI
Artenbruth
26

Roundel number: CRN294

Egbrichtus
Egbricht

Roundel number: CRN295

Ermericus
Ermeric

Roundel number: CRN296

Lotharius bonus
13
Lotharius the Good
13

Roundel number: CRN297

Eadric
1
Eadric
1

Roundel number: CRN298

Erthenbert
Erthenbert

Roundel number: CRN299

Widredus et Wibert
6
Widred and Wibert
6

Roundel number: CRN300

XXXIII

Switrec
33
XXXIII
Switrec
33

Roundel number: CRN301

XXII

÷ ÷
Eadbrit
22
XXII
½
Eadbrit
22

Roundel number: CRN302

XII

Adelbrith
12
XII
Æthelbrith
12

Roundel number: CRN303

XXXIIII

Egfred
34
XXXIIII
Egfred
34

Roundel number: CRN304

Eadbrichpren
3
Eadbrith Pren
3

Roundel number: CRN305

Cudred
9
Cudred
9

Roundel number: CRN306

XVIII

Elred
18
XVIII
Elred
18

Roundel number: CRN308

Titulus
Titulus

Roundel number: CRN309

Redwaldus
Rædwald

Roundel number: CRN310

Eadwall qui conversus per felicem episcopum
Eadwall who was converted through the happy bishop

Roundel number: CRN311

Warpwalde
Warpwalde

Roundel number: CRN312

Sigebertus frater monachus sanctus est
Sigebert's brother is a blessed monk

Roundel number: CRN313

Egritus
Ecgric

Roundel number: CRN314

Anna fratus eni
Anna his brother

Roundel number: CRN315

Adelher
Æthelhere

Roundel number: CRN316

Adelbold
Æthelbold

Roundel number: CRN317

Ardulfus
Ardulf

Roundel number: CRN318

Sanctus Edmundus
Saint Edmund

Roundel number: CRN319

XII

Ida
12
XII
Ida
12

Roundel number: CRN320

XXX

Ella filius Uffe
30
XXX
Ælla son of Uffe
30

Roundel number: CRN321

Alderic
Æthelric

Roundel number: CRN322

Edelfrid
5
Æhelfrith
5

Roundel number: CRN323

Edwinus
Edwin

Roundel number: CRN324

Oswaldus
9
Oswald
9

Roundel number: CRN325

XX

Oswy frater
20
XX
Oswy his brother
20

Roundel number: CRN326

XV

Egfred
15
XV
Egfred
15

Roundel number: CRN327

XX

Alfridus frater
20
XX
Alfred his brother
20

Roundel number: CRN328

XI

Offredus
11
XI
Offred
11

Roundel number: CRN329

Kenred
2
Kenred
2

Roundel number: CRN330

XI

Osrich
11
XI
Osric
11

Roundel number: CRN331

Ceolwulf frater 8 annis et postea monachus
Ceolwulf his brother [reigned] 8 years and was later a monk

Roundel number: CRN332

Eadbertus 21 annis et postea monachus
Eadbert [reigned] 21 years and was later a monk

Roundel number: CRN333

Oswolf
Oswulf

Roundel number: CRN334

Mal Edelwold
6
Æthelwald Moll
6

Roundel number: CRN335

Alredus
8
Alred
8

Roundel number: CRN336

Edelred frater mal
3
Æthelred brother of Moll
3

Roundel number: CRN337

X

Alfwold
10
X
Ælfwald
10

Roundel number: CRN338

Efred
1
Æfred
1

Roundel number: CRN339

Ardulf
9
Ardulf
9

Roundel number: CRN340

XVIII

Elred
18
XVIII
Ælred
18

Roundel number: CRN341

Erthewyne
Erthewyne

Roundel number: CRN342

Sled
Sled

Roundel number: CRN343

Sibert
Sibert

Roundel number: CRN344

Sigebertus
Sigebert

Roundel number: CRN345

Sibertus
Sibert

Roundel number: CRN346

Wythelinus
Wythelin

Roundel number: CRN347

Selby quem occidit penda
Selby who was killed by Penda

Roundel number: CRN348

Sigardus
Sigard

Roundel number: CRN349

Sigbertus
Sigbert

Roundel number: CRN350

Sibertus
Sibert

Roundel number: CRN351

Switelinus
Switelin

Roundel number: CRN353

Selby
Selby

Roundel number: CRN352

Sigher
Sigher

Roundel number: CRN354

Kewynus
Kewyn

Roundel number: CRN355

Serdic
7
Cerdic
7

Roundel number: CRN356

Kynrik
Cynric

Roundel number: CRN357

Chelyng
Ceawlin

Roundel number: CRN358

XLI

Cheldric
41
XLI
Celdric
41

Roundel number: CRN359

XIIII

Cheolwolf
14
XIIII
Ceolwulf
14

Roundel number: CRN360

XXXI

Kyngils xanus
31
XXXI
Cynegisl the Christian
31

Roundel number: CRN361

XXXI

Chenwalt quem occidit penda
31
XXXI
Cenwealh who was killed by Penda
31

Roundel number: CRN362

Escwine
2
Æscwine
2

Roundel number: CRN363

Kenwyn
9
Centwine
9

Roundel number: CRN364

Cedwalla
2
Cædwalla
2

Roundel number: CRN365

XXXVII

Ine
37
XXXVII
Ine
37

Roundel number: CRN366

Athelardus
9
Æthelheard
9

Roundel number: CRN367

XXVI

Cudredus
26
XXVI
Cuthred
26

Roundel number: CRN368

Sigebius
1
Sigebert
1

Roundel number: CRN369

XXXVI

Wynwolf
36
XXXVI
Cynewulf
36

Roundel number: CRN370

XVI

Britrith
16
XVI
Beorhtric
16

Roundel number: CRN371

Crida
Crida

Roundel number: CRN372

Wirpa
Wirpa

Roundel number: CRN373

Cheorlus nepos
Cearl a descendant

Roundel number: CRN374

Penda
Penda

Roundel number: CRN375

Penda
Penda

Roundel number: CRN376

XIX

Edelred 19 postea monachus
XIX
Æthelred [reigned] 19 years and was later a monk

Roundel number: CRN377

Kenred 5 postea monachus
Coenred [reigned] 5 years and was later a monk

Roundel number: CRN378

Ceolred
8
Ceolred
8

Roundel number: CRN379

XLI

Adelbold
41
XLI
Æthelbald
41

Roundel number: CRN380

Beornred
1
Beornred
1

Roundel number: CRN381

XXXIX

Offa
39
XXXIX
Offa
39

Roundel number: CRN382

Egfred
1
Ecgfrith
1

Roundel number: CRN383

Kenwolf
26
Coenwulf
26

Roundel number: CRN384

Cealwolf
8
Ceolwulf
8

Roundel number: CRN385

Beornulf
1
Beornwulf
1

Roundel number: CRN386

Ludecen
1
Ludeca
1

Roundel number: CRN387

Wilaf
1
Wiglaf
1

Roundel number: CRN388

Ella
20
Ælla
20

Roundel number: CRN389

Scissa
Scissa

Roundel number: CRN390

Edelwold
Æthelwald

Roundel number: CRN391

Adelbryth
Æthelbrith

Roundel number: CRN392

XXXVII XXVI

Egbrutus 37 annis 26 mensibus
XXXVII XXVI
Egbert [reigned] 37 years 26 months

Roundel number: CRN393

XVIII

Edwolphus
18
XVIII
Æthelwulf
18

Roundel number: CRN394

Edboldus
5
Æthelbald
5

Roundel number: CRN395

Edelbrith
5
Æthelbert
5

Roundel number: CRN396

Edelred
6
Æthelred
6

Roundel number: CRN397

XXX

Alfredus
30
XXX
Alfred
30

Roundel number: CRN398

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Nobiles filie
Noble daughters

Roundel number: CRN399

XXVI

Edwardus
26
XXVI
Edward
26

Roundel number: CRN400

Nobiles filie
Noble daughters

Roundel number: CRN401

Alfredus
Alfred

Roundel number: CRN402

Edwydus qui submersus est
Edward who was drowned

Roundel number: CRN403

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Edredus
Eadred

Roundel number: CRN404

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Sanctus Edmundus
Saint Edmund

Roundel number: CRN405

XIIII

Athelstanus
14
XIIII
Æthelstan
14

Roundel number: CRN406

Edmundus fratres a dimidio
Edmund [his] half brother.

Roundel number: CRN407

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Eadwinus
Eadwig

Roundel number: CRN408

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Edgarus
Edgar

Roundel number: CRN409

X

Edredus frater ejus
10
X
Eadred his brother
10

Roundel number: CRN410

Edwyn
5
Edwyn
5

Roundel number: CRN411

XVI

Edgarus
16
XVI
Edgar
16

Roundel number: CRN412

Sancta Editha
Saint Edith

Roundel number: CRN413

Edmundus
Edmund

Roundel number: CRN414

Edwardus martyr
5
Edward the Martyr
5

Roundel number: CRN415

Alredus frater Edwardi
Æthelred brother of Edward

Roundel number: CRN416

Alfredus
Aldred

Roundel number: CRN417

Eadem Emma
The same Emma

Roundel number: CRN418

Edmundus Irenside
Edmund Ironside

Roundel number: CRN419

Idem Edmundus Irenside
The same Edmund Ironside

Roundel number: CRN420

Edwydus exul
Edward the Exile

Roundel number: CRN421

Edmundus
Edmund

Roundel number: CRN423

Margareta regina Scotie
Margaret queen of Scotland

Roundel number: CRN424

Cristina sanctimoni alis
Christina the nun

Roundel number: CRN422

Edgarus Ethelyng
Edgar Ætheling

Roundel number: CRN425

Matilda filia ejus
Matilda her daughter

Roundel number: CRN426

Margareta filia matilda [sic]
Margaret daughter of Matilda [sic]

Roundel number: CRN428

Knutus
Cnut

Roundel number: CRN429

Emma
Emma

Roundel number: CRN430

Sweyn danus
Sweyn the Dane

Roundel number: CRN431

Haraldus hareforth
Harold Harefoot

Roundel number: CRN432

Hardeknutus frater
Harthacnut [his] brother

Roundel number: CRN433

Sanctus Edwardus Confessor
Saint Edward the Confessor

Roundel number: CRN434

Haraldus 9 mensibus
Harold [reigned] 9 months

Roundel number: CRN435

XXI

Willelmus Conquestor

21
XXI
William the Conqueror
21

Roundel number: CRN436

Quatuor alie filie
Four other daughters

Roundel number: CRN437

Adala uxor comitis Blesensis
Adela wife of the Count of Blois

Roundel number: CRN438

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Stephanus
Stephen

Roundel number: CRN439

Henricus clericus
Henry the Cleric

Roundel number: CRN440

Ricardus qui obitt juvenis
Richard who died young

Roundel number: CRN441

XIIII [sic]

Willelmus Rufus
12
XIIII [sic]
William Rufus
12

Roundel number: CRN442

Robertus courthuse
Robert Curthose

Roundel number: CRN443

XXXV

Henricus primus
35
XXXV
Henry I
35

Roundel number: CRN444

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Matilda imperatrix
Matilda the Empress

Roundel number: CRN445

Una filia submersa
One daughter drowned

Roundel number: CRN427

Matilda filia ejus
Matilda her daughter

Roundel number: CRN446

Willelmus submersus
William drowned

Roundel number: CRN447

Robertus submersus
Robert drowned

Roundel number: CRN448

XIX

Idem Stephanus Blesensis
19
XIX
The same Stephen of Blois
19

Roundel number: CRN449

XXXV

Henricus Secondus
35
XXXV
Henry II
35

Roundel number: CRN450

Comitissa tholose
The Countess of Toulouse

Roundel number: CRN451

Elenora regina castelle
Eleanor queen of Castile

Roundel number: CRN452

Johannes
John

Roundel number: CRN453

Matilda ducissa Saxonis et Sardis
Matilda duchess of Saxony and Sardis

Roundel number: CRN454

Henricus dux Saxonie
Henry duke of Saxony

Roundel number: CRN455

Octes Imperator
Otto the Emperor

Roundel number: CRN456

Galfridus dux Britannie
Geoffrey duke of Brittany

Roundel number: CRN457

Arthurus dux Brittannie
Arthur duke of Brittany

Roundel number: CRN458

X

Ricardus primus
10
X
Richard I
10

Roundel number: CRN459

Henricus junior elegans
Elegant Henry the Younger

Roundel number: CRN460

Willelmus qui statim obiit
William who died immediately

Roundel number: CRN461

XVII

Johannes
17
XVII
John
17

Roundel number: CRN462

Johanna regina Scotie
Joan queen of Scotland

Roundel number: CRN463

Elienora comitessa Pembroche
Eleanor countess of Pembroke

Roundel number: CRN464

Isabella imperatrix uxor Frederici
Empress Isabella wife of Frederick [II]

Roundel number: CRN465

Ricardus rex almanie
Richard king of Germany

Roundel number: CRN466

Edmundus dux Cornubie
Edmund duke of Cornwall

Roundel number: CRN467

Henricus de almania
Henry of Germany

Roundel number: CRN468

LVII

Henricus tertius
57
LVII
Henry III
57

Roundel number: CRN469

Henricus qui jacet Westmonastri
Henry who lies at Westminster

Roundel number: CRN470

Willelmus qui sepultusest in templo
William who is buried in the Temple

Roundel number: CRN471

Johannes qui jacet Westmonastri
John who lies at Westminster

Roundel number: CRN472

Ricardus qui apud Westmonastri
Richard who is [buried] at Westminster

Roundel number: CRN473

Katrina que cito abiit
Katherine who died before long

Roundel number: CRN474

Beatrix
Beatrix

Roundel number: CRN475

Edmundus
Edmund

Roundel number: CRN476

Margareta
Margaret

Roundel number: CRN477

XXXIIII

Edwardus primus
34
XXXIIII
Edward I
34

Roundel number: CRN478

Margareta secunda uxor
Margaret [his] second wife

Roundel number: CRN479

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Elenora
Eleanor

Roundel number: CRN480

Edmundus comes kantie
Edmund Earl of Kent

Roundel number: CRN481

Thomas comes Manchallie
Thomas Earl Marshal

Roundel number: CRN482

Eleanora prima uxor
Eleanor [his] first wife

Roundel number: CRN483

Eleanora comitissa de Barr[...][...][...]
Eleanor countess of Bar

Roundel number: CRN484

Johanna comitissa de gloucester
Joan countess of Gloucester

Roundel number: CRN485

Johanna
Joan

Roundel number: CRN486

Henricus
Henry

Roundel number: CRN487

Margareta ducissa brabantie
Margaret duchess of Brabant

Roundel number: CRN488

Margareta
Margaret

Roundel number: CRN489

Elizabeth comitissa de Herford
Elizabeth countess of Hereford

Roundel number: CRN490

Maria monacha de Amisbery
Maria a nun of Amesbury

Roundel number: CRN491

Elizabeth comitissa de Honiland
Elizabeth countess of Holland

Roundel number: CRN492

XX

Edwardus karnavian
20
XX
Edward of Caernafon
20

Roundel number: CRN493

Henricus
Henry

Roundel number: CRN494

Beatrix
Beatrix

Roundel number: CRN497

Johanna regina Scotie
Joan queen of Scotland

Roundel number: CRN495

Blanchia
Blanche

Roundel number: CRN496

Elienora comitissa de goldara
Eleanor countess of Guelders

Roundel number: CRN498

Johannes otham comes cornubie
John of Eltham, earl of Cornwall

Roundel number: CRN499

LII [sic]

Edwardus tertius
50
LII [sic]
Edward III
50

Roundel number: CRN500

Edwardus princeps Wallie
Edward prince of Wales

Roundel number: CRN501

Edwardus
Edward

Roundel number: CRN502

XXIII

Ricardus Secundus
23
XXIII
Richard II
23

Roundel number: CRN503

Isabella comitissa de Bedford
Isabella countess of Bedford

Roundel number: CRN504

Johanna regina hispanie
Joan queen of Spain

Roundel number: CRN505

Williamus Hatfeld
William of Hatfield

Roundel number: CRN506

Leonel dux clarencie
Lionel duke of Clarence

Roundel number: CRN507

Philippa nupta comiti March
Philippa married to the earl of March

Roundel number: CRN508

Johannes dux Lancastrie
John duke of Lancaster

Roundel number: CRN509

Domina Blanche prima uxor
Lady Blanche [his] first wife

Roundel number: CRN510

Johannes
John

Roundel number: CRN511

Edwardus
Edward

Roundel number: CRN512

Philippa regina portyngalie
Philippa queen of Portugal

Roundel number: CRN513

Edwardus
Edward

Roundel number: CRN514

Petrus
Peter

Roundel number: CRN515

Henricus
Henry

Roundel number: CRN516

Alexandir
Alexander

Roundel number: CRN517

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[BLANK]
[BLANK]

Roundel number: CRN518

Elizabeth comitissa huntyngdon
Elizabeth countess of Huntingdon

Roundel number: CRN519

XIIII

Henricus quartus
14
XIIII
Henry IV
14

Roundel number: CRN520

Johannes
John

Roundel number: CRN521

Constantia 2m uxor
Constance [his] second wife

Roundel number: CRN522

Katrina regina hispanie
Katherine queen of Spain

Roundel number: CRN523

Katrina Sanfordie  3
a
3
a
3
a
uxor
Katherine Swynford [his] third wife

Roundel number: CRN524

Johannes comes somersed
John earl of Somerset

Roundel number: CRN525

Comes somersed
Count of Somerset

Roundel number: CRN526

Thomas
Thomas

Roundel number: CRN527

Johannes comes somersed
John earl of Somerset

Roundel number: CRN528

Edmundus comes de morten
Edmund count of Mortain

Roundel number: CRN529

Johanna regina Scotie
Joan queen of Scotland

Roundel number: CRN530

Margareta comitissa devonie
Margaret countess of Devon

Roundel number: CRN531

Johanna comitissa Westmorlandie
Joan countess of Westmoreland

Roundel number: CRN532

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[BLANK]
[BLANK]

Roundel number: CRN533

Ricardus comes sarum
Richard earl of Salisbury

Roundel number: CRN534

Robertus episcopus Sarum
Robert bishop of Salisbury

Roundel number: CRN535

[BLANK]
[BLANK]

Roundel number: CRN536

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[BLANK]
[BLANK]

Roundel number: CRN537

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[BLANK]
[BLANK]

Roundel number: CRN538

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[BLANK]
[BLANK]

Roundel number: CRN539

Henricus cardinal
Henry the cardinal

Roundel number: CRN540

Thomas dux exonie
Thomas duke of Exeter

Roundel number: CRN541

Edmundus dux eboraci
langley
Edmund of Langley, duke of York

Roundel number: CRN542

Edwardus dux eboraci
Edward duke of York

Roundel number: CRN543

Ricardus comes cantabrigie
Richard earl of Cambridge

Roundel number: CRN544

Domina Matilda de clyfford 2m uxor
Lady Matilda of Clifford [his] second wife

Roundel number: CRN545

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[BLANK]
[BLANK]

Roundel number: CRN546

Ricardus dux eboraci [substitute est] et comes merchall
Richard duke of York [substituted as] earl of March

Roundel number: CRN547

Blanchia
Blanche

Roundel number: CRN548

Maria ducissa de britannie
Mary duchess of Brittany

Roundel number: CRN549

Margareta comitissa pembrochie
Margaret countess of Pembroke

Roundel number: CRN550

Willelmus Wyndesore
William of Windsor

Roundel number: CRN551

Thomas dux gloucestrie
Thomas duke of Gloucester

Roundel number: CRN552

Anna comitissa Staffordie
Anne countess of Stafford

Roundel number: CRN553

Philippa
Philippa

Roundel number: CRN554

Comes Stafford
Earl of Stafford

Roundel number: CRN555

Anna comitissa huntyngdon
Anne countess of Huntingdon

Roundel number: CRN556

Henricus comes de Essex
Henry earl of Essex

Roundel number: CRN557

Williamus
William

Roundel number: CRN558

Thomas
Thomas

Roundel number: CRN559

Johannes
John

Roundel number: CRN560

Anna
Anne

Roundel number: CRN561

Margareta
Margaret

Roundel number: CRN562

Thomas dux clarenchie
Thomas duke of Clarence

Roundel number: CRN563

Johannes dux bedfordie
John duke of Bedford

Roundel number: CRN564

Humfridus dux gloucestrie
Humphrey duke of Gloucester

Roundel number: CRN565

Blanchia imperatrix
The Empress Blanche

Roundel number: CRN566

Philippa regina denmarchie
Philippa queen of Denmark

Roundel number: CRN567

X

Henricus quintus
10
X
Henry V
10

Roundel number: CRN568

Henricus sextus
XXXIX
Henry VI
XXXIX

Roundel number: CRN569

Hugo mortymer
Hugh de Mortimer

Roundel number: CRN570

Rogerus mortymer
Roger de Mortimer

Roundel number: CRN571

Radulphus mortymer
Ralph de Mortimer

Roundel number: CRN572

Rogerus mortymer
Roger Mortimer

Roundel number: CRN573

Edmundus mortymer
Edmund Mortimer

Roundel number: CRN574

Rogerus primus comes marchie
Roger first earl of March

Roundel number: CRN575

Edmundus comes marchie
Edmund earl of March

Roundel number: CRN576

Rogerus comes marchie
Roger earl of March

Roundel number: CRN577

Edmundus comes marchie [nupta Philippa]
Edmund earl of March [married to Philippa]

Roundel number: CRN578

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Aliciam [sic] nupta comiti northumberlande
Elizabeth [who] married the earl of Northumberland

Roundel number: CRN579

Rogerus comes march
Roger earl of March

Roundel number: CRN580

Rogerum secundum filium qui decesessit [sic] sine herede ante dictum Edmundum fratem suum
Roger the second son who died without heir before the named Edmund his brother

Roundel number: CRN581

Edmundus comes march sine hered
Edmund earl of March without heir

Roundel number: CRN582

Anna nupti comiti cantabrigie
Anne [who] married the earl of Cambridge

Roundel number: CRN583

Elizabeth nupta domino Burghchier
Elizabeth married lord Burghchier

Roundel number: CRN584

Ricardum ducem ebor heredom regni anglie francie et hispanie
Richard duke of York heir of the kingdoms of England France and Spain

Roundel number: CRN585

Cecilia uxor istius Ricardi ducis Eboraci
Cecily wife of that Richard duke of York

Roundel number: CRN586

Anna ducissa Exoniesis
Anne duchess of Exeter

Roundel number: CRN587

Elizabeth ducissa suthfolchie
Elizabeth duchess of Suffolk

Roundel number: CRN588

Margareta
ducissa Burgundie
Margaret duchess of Burgundy

Roundel number: CRN589

Edwardum Quartum
XXIII
Edward IV
XXIII

Roundel number: CRN590

Edmundus comes rothlandi
Edmund earl of Rutland

Roundel number: CRN591

Georgius dux clarentie
George duke of Clarence

Roundel number: CRN592

Ricardus ducem Gloucestrie
Richard duke of Gloucester

Roundel number: CRN593

Alicia [sic] que erat maritata Edwardo domino de Bonis [sic] qui decessit sine herede de corpore sui
Eleanor who was married to lord Edward de Bonis [sic] who died without heir of his body

Roundel number: CRN594

Comes Ultonie
Earl of Ulster

Roundel number: CRN595

Anna heredem Ultonie
Anne heir of Ulster

Roundel number: CRN596

Rex petrus hispanie
Peter king of Spain

Roundel number: CRN597

Constantia prima filia
Constance [his] first daughter

Roundel number: CRN598

Isabella heredem hispanie
Isabella heir of Spain

Roundel number: CRN599

Sanctus Ludovicus
Saint Louis

Roundel number: CRN600

Philippus ejus filius
Philip his son

Roundel number: CRN601

Philippus pulcher
Philip the Fair

Roundel number: CRN602

Lodovicus hutyn
Louis the Headstrong

Roundel number: CRN603

Johannes posthumous
John the Posthumous

Roundel number: CRN604

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Idem philippus
The same Philip

Roundel number: CRN605

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Idem karolus
The same Charles

Roundel number: CRN606

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Idem Johannes
The same John

Roundel number: CRN607

Philippus longue
Philip the Tall

Roundel number: CRN608

Karolus pulcher
Charles the Fair

Roundel number: CRN609

Isabella uxor
Isabella [his] wife

Roundel number: CRN610

Karolus de valoys
Charles of Valois

Roundel number: CRN611

Johannes
John

Roundel number: CRN612

Rollo qui et Robertus dictus est post baptismum
Rollo who was called Robert after baptism

Roundel number: CRN613

Williamus longa sparta
William Longsword

Roundel number: CRN614

Ricardus sine timore
Richard the Fearless

Roundel number: CRN615

Emma
Emma

Roundel number: CRN616

Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Eadem Emma
The same Emma

Roundel number: CRN617

Ricardus secondus
Richard II

Roundel number: CRN618

Ricardus tertius
Richard III

Roundel number: CRN619

Frater Robertus
[His] brother Robert

Roundel number: CRN620

Ricardus
Richard

Roundel number: CRN621

Idem Robertus
The same Robert

Roundel number: CRN622

Willelmus nothus
William the Bastard
Annotation number: CRC001
Wall's reference number: 1
Ab hiis tribus filiis Noe texuntur generationes septuaginte due
post linguarum divisionem factam in edificatonem turris Babel [in]
agro Semaar tempore Phalet. Babiloniam vero et turrim construxit
Nemroth gigas, decem cubitorum, quem Jonichus filius Noe
genuit, quem etiam Jonitum Noe genuit post diluvium. Iste
vero generationes septuaginte due sic orte fuerunt videlicet, quindecim
generationes de Japhet, triginta de Cham, et viginti septem
de Sem, qui disseminati totum orbem post diluvium interse diviserunt.
Sem regnavit in Asia, Cham in Affrica, Japhet
in Europa. In Asia, sunt patrie sedecim, silicet: Ataxa, India,
Sartia, Siria, Percia, Medea, Mesopotamia, Capadocia, Palestina,
Armenia, Cilicia, Egyptus, Caldea et Libia. In
Affrica, sunt duodecim patrie, silicet: Lidia, Smynia, Pentapolis,
Ethiopia, Tolomaia, Lessentium, Jetall, Matalia, Nubidia,
Samartia, Siirdos Maiores et Minores. In Europa, sunt
patrie quindecim, silicet Italia, Calabria, Hispania, Almania,
Macedonia, Tracedones, Dalmacia, Pannonia, Colonia, Germania,
Gallia, Britannia, Hibernia et Septentrionalia. Generationi
igitur Japhet a quo sex generationes de quibus est agendum processerunt,
est insistendum, nam de aliis duobus Judei fuerunt et gentiles.
Japhet genuit Jenan et Strephenum, Jenan, Cethim, Cethis,
Ciprium, Ciprius, Cretum, Cretus, Celium, qui Saturnum qui Iovem qui Dardanum
et sic de ceteris.
From these three sons of Noah were made seventy-two generations after the division of the languages made in the building of the Tower of Babel [in] the land of Shinar in the time of Phalet. Truly the giant Nimrod, ten cubits tall, whom Jonichus son of Noah begat, built Babylon and the tower, and Noah begat Jonichus after the Flood. Then seventy-two generations descended as follows: fifteen generations from Japhet, thirty from Ham, and twenty-seven from Shem, who, having dispersed, divided the whole world among themselves after the Flood. Shem reigned in Asia, Ham in Africa, Japhet in Europe. In Asia, there are sixteen countries, as follows: Ataxa, India, Sartia, Syria, Persia, Medea, Mesopotamia, Cappadocia, Palestine, Armenia, Cilicia, Egypt, Caldea, and Libya. In Africa, there are twelve countries, so named: Lydia, Smynia, Pentapolis, Ethiopia, Tolomaia, Lessentium, Jetall, Matalia, Numidia, Samartia, Siirdos Major, and Minor. In Europe, there are fifteen countries, as follows: Italy, Calabria, Spain, Almania, Macedonia, Tracedones, Dalmacia, Dannonia, Colonia, Germany, Gaul, Britain, Hibernia, and Septentrionalia. Therefore the generations of Japhet from whom six generations proceeded, are to be pursued and treated, for from the other two are the Jews and Gentiles. Japhet begat Jenan and Strephus, Jenan begat Cethis, Cethis begat Cyprus, Cyprus begat Cretus, Cretus begat Celius, who begat Saturn, who begat Jupiter, who begat Dardanus, and thus others.
Annotation number: CRC002
Wall's reference number: 2
Ab isto Strepheo, filio Japhet fratre Yenan, descenderunt
omnes inhabitantes septentrionales partes mundi, videlicet: Saxones,
Angli, Euthi, Daci, Gothi, Norwagenses Wandali
et Fresi, qui omnes hoc regnum suo tempore acerimis [sic] irruptonibus [sic] infestabant.
From this Strephus, son of Japhet brother of Jenan, descended all the inhabitants of the northern parts of the world, namely: Saxons, English, Euthi, Dacians, Goths, Norwegians, Vandals, and Fresians, all of whom disturbed this land in their time with most bitter assaults.
Annotation number: CRC003
Wall's reference number: 2
Primus de generatione Japhet mutiplicavit Europam fuit Alanus,
filius Sethnir, filii Ogoymyn, filii Thoy, filii Borb, filii
Semeon, filii Mair, filii Arthaat, filii Cetheet, filii Corbii, filii
Abirb, filii Ra, filii Esra, filii Esran, filii Baath, filii Jehan, filii
Japha, filii Japhet, filii Noe. Iste Alanus cum tribus
filiis suis, Ysition, Armenion et Negno. Ysition
quatuor habuit filios: Francum, Romanum, Alamanium
et Britonem. Armemon, quinque habuit filios: Gothum,
Walagotum, Coebidium, Burgundum, Logabardum.
Negno habuit quatror filios: Wandalum, Saxonem,
Rogarnum et Gargum, et ex istis orte sunt gentes
inhabitantes Europam.
The first from the line of Japhet who multiplied [in] Europe was Alanus son of Seth, son of Ogomyn, son of Thoy, son of Borb, son of Semeon, son of Mair, son of Arthaat, son of Cetheet, son of Corbii, son of Abirb, son of Ra, son of Esra, son of Esran, son of Baath, son of Jehan, son of Japha, son of Japhet, son of Noah. This Alanus with his three sons, Ysition, Armenion, and Negno. Ysition had four sons: Francus, Romanus, Alamanius, and Brito. Armenion had five sons: Gothus, Walagotus, Coebidius, Burgundus, and Logabardus. Negno had four sons: Vandalus, Saxo, Rogarnus, and Gargus, and from these are descended the races inhabiting Europe.
Annotation number: CRC004
Wall's reference number: 3
Iste Ciprus in linea regia in insula Cipre
primus regnavit. A quo Cipro Cretus genitus
est, de cuius nomine Creta insula nominata est,
qui ibi primus monarchiam tenuit.
That Cyprus in the royal line first reigned on the island of Cyprus. From this Cyprus Cretus was born, from whom the island of Crete was named, who first held the monarchy there.
Annotation number: CRC005
Wall's reference number: 4
Iupiter ex Maia, regis Atlantis, filia genuit Mercurium et ex Electra
eiusdem regis filia genuit Dardanum.
Jupiter, by Maia, daughter of King Atlas, begat Mercury, and by Electra daughter of that same king begat Dardanus.
Annotation number: CRC006
Wall's reference number: 5
Dardanus, ex responso deorum, locum mutans venit ad Frigiam, quam
Dardanum nuncupavit in qua Troius vel Tros, filius Erictonii, justitia
et pietate laudabilis ut ibi nominis sui memoriam faceret eternam
Troiam condidit.
Dardanus, [receiving] a response from the gods, left [his] territory [and] came to Phrygia, which he named Dardanus. Here Trojus or Tros, son of Erictonius, praiseworthy for his justice and piety, founded Troy so that he might create an eternal memory of his name.
Annotation number: CRC007
Wall's reference number: 6
Iste Troius vel Tros genuit duos filios, silicet [sic]: Ilium et Asseracum.
De Assaraco venerunt Imperatores Romanorum et reges Britonum. De
Ilio, reges Troie.
This Trojus or Tros begat two sons, namely Ilus and Asseracus. From Asseracus came the emperors of the Romans and the kings of Britain. From Ilus, the kings of Troy.
Annotation number: CRC008
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Iste Anchises genuit
Eneam ex Venere.
This Anchises begat Aeneas by Venus.
Annotation number: CRC009
Wall's reference number: 9
Iste Steldius primus inhabitator Germanie, que Germania
sic dicta erat que instar ramorum germinantium ab arbore,
sic novem regna quo Germania nuncupatur in novem
filiis divisa a radice Boerini germinaverunt.
This Steldius was the first inhabitant of Germany, which was so called because of its resemblance to branches germinating from a tree; thus the nine kingdoms which are called Germany sprang from the root of Boerin, divided among his nine sons.
Annotation number: CRC010
Wall's reference number: 7
Iste Eneas in linea regia, post discidium Troie diffugiens,
venit in Italiam. Ibid a Latino rege susceptus, Laviniam filiam
suam in uxorem duxit. Perempto que Turno, rege Rutenorum regnum,
Italio est assectus. Post cuius diem extremum Ascanius, filius eius
ex Creusa filia Priami regis Troie, regnavit, qui alio nomine
dicebatur Julius ab Ilio rege Troianorum, et eius nomen dissilabum
est quamvis quamque ponatur metrice trissillabum. Qui Ascanius, ex uxore
sua, genuit Silvium, qui genuit Brutum. Sed Eneas genuit Silvium
posthumum
ex Lavinia, ex quo reges Romanorum et sicut duranta
tenella etate Silvii posthumi Ascanius suscepit regnum, ita
post mortem Ascanii regnavit Silvius postumus.
This Aeneas in the royal line, fleeing after the fall of Troy, came to Italy. Having been received there by King Latinus, he led [the king's] daughter into marriage. With Turnus, king of the Ruteni having been killed, the kingdom of Italy was united. After the day of his death Ascanius reigned, his son by Creusa daughter of Priam, king of Troy, who was called another name, Iulus, from Ilus, king of Troy, and his name is disyllabic, although when it is put in metre it is trisyllabic. Ascanius, by his wife, begat Silvius, who begat Brutus. But Aeneas begat Silvius Posthumous by Lavinia, from whom the kings of the Romans [are descended], and Ascanius received the kingdom during the minority of Silvius Posthumous. After the death of Ascanius, Silvius Posthumous reigned.
Annotation number: CRC011
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Ascanius
fundavit Albam
super Tiberius.
This Ascanius founded Alba on the Tiber.
Annotation number: CRC012
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Silvius genuit
Brutum ex quadam
nepte Lavine.
This Silvius begat Brutus by a certain descendant of Lavinia.
Annotation number: CRC013
Wall's reference number: 10
Humber vero, rex Hunorum, ducens exercitu in Britanniam,
occidit Albanactum quem Locrinus, fugientem infra fluctus
submersit. Et flumen illud nomine suo Humber appellavit.
Truly Humber, king of the Huns, leading an army into Britain, killed Albanactus, and Locrinus drowned him [Humber] while fleeing. And that river was called Humber from his name.
Annotation number: CRC014
Wall's reference number: 8
Brutus, post matris et patris que interfectionem, matris in partu
et patris in venando cum sagitta, secundam magorum vaticinium, expulsus
ab Italia iter suum per Greciam arripuit, ubi quosdam de Troianus
in captivitate Prandesii regis Grecorum invenit. Inventos que associavit
iuducta Innogena, Prandasii filia, in uxorem, per duos
dies et totidem noctes a Grecia maria sulcando in Leogeciam
applicuit insulam a piratis vastatam. Inde responso accepto
a Diana iter capit, et ad locum Salinarum devenit ad Aras
Philistinorum et inter Sicadem et Montes Agaric proras divertit
et ad Iliricos venit fines, ubi inclitum iuvenum nomine Corine
num sibi associavit, qui ab Antenore origenem duxit Illius
que loci rector exstiterat. Inde, comitante Corineo, Brutus
Galliam intravit, ubi Gallis cum eorum rege bis deuictis civitatem
T'ronorum fundavit quam de nomine Turri amici sui ibid
interfeci Turronis, scilicet, appellari fecit. Cum autem ibi moram
per biennium fecisset insulam Albion intravit in tertia mundi etate
celebranti supervenit. Geogmagog gigas detestabilis viginti
connatutus gigantibus quibus devictus. Brutus Corineo partem
insule dedit quem nunc Cornubia nuncupatur a nomine ducis
sic dicta. Brutus vero insulam Albion Britanniam a nomine
suo appellavit socios que suos Britones construxit que in ea
civitatem quam Novam Troianam appellavit que Londonia iam
nuncupatur. Mortuo Bruto filii eius tres terram inter se diviserunt.
Portio inter Kambriam et Sabrinam cessit Locrino, quam nomine
suo Loygariam appellavit. Albanacto cessit portionem ultra Humber
que nunc Scotia dicta quam Albaniam nomine suo appellavit. Kambrio
cessit partes ultra Sabrinam et mare quam nomine suo Kambriam appellavit
que nunc Wallia dicta a quodam duce Wacle sic dicta.
Brutus, after the death of his mother and father, his mother in childbirth and his father in hunting with an arrow, following the prophecy of the Magi, having been banished from Italy took his journey through Greece where he found certain of the Trojans in the captivity of Pandrasus king of the Greeks. He united with those he found and, having led Innogen daughter of Pandrasus into marriage and sailed over the Greek sea for two days and as many nights, he landed on the island of Leogecia, devastated by pirates. From there, having received a response from Diana [to his prayer], he took a journey and came to the place of the saltworks and the Altars of the Philistines, and turned his prows between Sicadem and the mountains of Agarie, and came to the borders of Illyria, where he joined with his own [people] a famous young man named Corineus, who drew his ancestry from Antenor and had been leader of that place. From there, accompanied by Corineus, Brutus entered Gaul, where the Gauls with their king were twice conquered, and founded a city of Trojans which, by the name of his friend Turnus who was killed there, he made to be called Tours. But after a delay of two years he entered the island [of] Albion in the third age of the world. While he was celebrating, Gogmagog, a detestable giant, arrived and was conquered with twenty similar giants. Brutus gave to Corineus part of the island now called Cornwall, thus called from the name of the leader. Truly Brutus named the island of Albion Britannia from his own name, and his companions Britons, and built a city in it which he named New Troy, that is now called London. With Brutus dead, his three sons divided the land amongst themselves. The portion between Cambria and the Severn fell to Locrinus, which he named Loygaria from his own name. To Cambrius fell the parts beyond the Severn and the sea which he named Cambria from his own name, now called Wales, so named for a certain leader, Wacle. To Albanactus fell the portion beyond the Humber that is now called Scotia, which he named Albany from his own name.
Annotation number: CRC015
Wall's reference number: 12
Ab istis novem filiis Boerini descenderunt novem gentes
Septentrionem inhabitantes, qui quondam regnum Britannie
invaserunt et optinuerunt, videlicet: Saxones, Angli,
Juthi, Daci, Norwagenses, Gothi, Wandali,
Geati et Frisi.
From these nine sons of Boerin descended the nine races inhabiting the North, which once invaded and occupied the kingdom of Britain, namely: Saxons, Angles, Jutes, Danes, Norwegians, Goths, Vandals, Geats and Frisians.
Annotation number: CRC016
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste tempore
Maddam, Samuel
regebat populum
Israell, et Omerus
clarus habebatur.
In the time of that Maddan, Samuel ruled the people of Israel, and famous Homer lived.
Annotation number: CRC017
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Mempricius
occidit Malum, fratrem
suum, que uterque contendebant
regnare. Et tempore eius
Saul regnabat in
Judea.
This Mempricius killed Malim, his brother, [because] both were striving to rule. And in his time Saul reigned in Judea.
Annotation number: CRC018
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Istus Ebrancus
condidit civitatem Eboraci
et Puellarum
Castellum, nunc Edinbrth
dictitur et Montem
Dolorsum iam
Notyngham appellatur.
Et primo post
Brutum classem
in Galliam direxit,
et victoriose
et habuit 20 filios
et 30 filias.
This Ebraucus founded the city of York and the Castle of Maidens, now called Edinburgh, and Mount Dolorosus now called Nottingham. And after Brutus he first directed a fleet into Gaul, victoriously, and he had twenty sons and thirty daughters.
Annotation number: CRC019
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Hic Leyl Karleil
fundavit et tunc
Salomon cepit
edificare templum
Domini.
This Leil founded Carlisle and at that time Solomon began to build the Temple of the Lord.
Annotation number: CRC020
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Runhyr
edificavit Cantuarium
et Wyntoniam
et Sephton, ubi
aquila locuta est dum
murus edificaretur.
This Rud Hud Hudibras built Canterbury and Winchester and Shaftesbury, where the eagle spoke while the wall was built.
Annotation number: CRC021
Wall's reference number: 11
Anno ante incarnacionem Domini nostri Ihu Christi. M˚ C˚ LVII°
et ante conditionem Rome CCC˚ LXXX VI˚ et ab origine
mundi M˚ CCCC˚ XLIX annis peractis Eneas cum Ascanio
filio suo Ytaliam navigo adivit.
It was the 1157th year before the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, and 386 before the foundation of Rome, and 1449 years had passed since the beginning of the world when Aeneas came to Italy by boat with his son Ascanius.
Annotation number: CRC022
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Bladuth Batoniam
edificavit et fecit in ea
calida balnea et ipse docuit
nigromantiam per Britanniam.
Et assumptus alis, ut volaret,
cecidit super templum Apolinis in urbe Trinovantum et
in frustra contritus est.
This Bladud built Bath and made in it hot water baths, and he taught necromancy throughout Britain. And having been taken up with wings in order to fly, he fell upon the Temple of Apollo in the city of Trinovantum and was crushed in vain.
Annotation number: CRC023
Wall's reference number: 13
Iste Leyr tres habens filias, scilicet: Gonorillam, Regan et Cordellam.
Primam dedit Maglonius duci Albanie, secundum
Henricus duci Cornubie. Cordella vero quia respondit patri, quantum
habes quantum vales tantum te diligo, dedit ipsam Aganippo,
regi Francorum duas cum regno suo et tertiam sine aliquia
parte regni sui. Et ante mortem suam edificavit Leycestriam
super Soram.
This Lear, having three daughters, namely Gonorilla, Regan, and Cordelia, gave the first to Maglonius Duke of Albany, and the second to Henry, duke of Cornwall. He gave Cordelia to Aganippus, king of the Franks, indeed because she responded to her father, “How much you have, how strong you are, so much I love you.” He gave [away] two [of his daughters] with [parts of] his kingdom, but the third [he gave away] without any part of his kingdom, and before his death he built Leicester on the Soar.
Annotation number: CRC024
Wall's reference number: 14
Cordella, filia regis Leyr, regnavit super Britones 5 annis
quam tandem filii sororum suarum, scilicet, Morganus et Cunedagius incarcerarunt.
Cordelia, daughter of King Lear, reigned over Britain for five years until the sons of her sisters, namely Morgan and Cunedag, imprisoned her.
Annotation number: CRC025
Wall's reference number: 15
Iste Cunedagius insecutus Morgan usque Kambriam ibique
eum interfecit. Ob quam causam appellatur primam illa Morgan
usque nunc. Tempore Cunedagii, Ysaias prophavit, Roma condita
est a fratribus Remo et Romulo undecimo kalendas may. Et
Morgan secum regnavit duobus annis.
This Cunedag, having chased Morgan up to Cambria, killed him there. For this reason until now it is called Morgan. In the time of Cunedag, Isaiah prophesied, and Rome was founded by the brothers Romulus and Remus on the eleventh of May. And Morgan reigned with him for two years.
Annotation number: CRC026
Wall's reference number: 16
Tempore istius Rutlan, cecidit pluvia sanguinea, et pre
muscarum affluentia homines moriebatur.
At the time of Rutlan a great rain of blood fell, and due to the abundance of flies people died.
Annotation number: CRC027
Wall's reference number: 17
Iste Gurgustus justus fuit mansuetus et pius et regnum
pacifice et tractavit.
This Gurgustius was just and mild and pious, and managed the kingdom peacefully.
Annotation number: CRC028
Wall's reference number: 18
Tempore istius Sisillivi in linea regia, Oraratius clare
secundum quosdam habebatur.
In the time of this Sisillius in the royal line, according to some, famous Horace lived.
Annotation number: CRC029
Wall's reference number: 19
Iste Yago fuit nepos Gurgusti et pro quosdam eius filius fuit.
This Iago was the grandson of Gurgustius or, according to some, his son.
Annotation number: CRC030
Wall's reference number: 19
Egiptiis in Mare Rubeo submersis, qui superfuerunt
expulerunt a se quondam nobiliem juvenem nomine Scotum,
qui apud eos degebat timentes ne dominium super eos
invaderet. At ille circiuens per Affricam venit cum familia
sua ad Hispaniam Waschensem ibique per annos plurimos
in prole multiplicatus vocavit gentum suam a nomine
suo Scotos quos Gurgwynter rex Britannia, transtulit in
Hiberniam sic dictam ab Ybon flumine Hispanie vero
prima initia s nants nants nant In quarta mundi etate, primos
habitatores illius insule constituit. Anno M˚ II˚
a transsitu filiorum Israll per Mare Rubrum, et postea pars
eorum inde egressa tertiam gentem in Britanniam addiderunt,
quam Scotos appellaverunt, a quibus dicta est
Scotia prius Albania ab Albanacto filio Bruti
nominata.
After the Egyptians drowned in the Red Sea, those who survived banished from themselves a certain noble young man named Scotus, who lived among them, fearing lest he take dominion over them. But he, coming around through Africa, came with his family to Spanish Gascony and there after many years, having multiplied his descendants, he called his line Scots from his own name. Gurgiunt king of Britain brought these Scots into Ireland, so called from the Spanish river Ebro, where they indeed took possession first [...]. In the fourth age of the world, he settled the first inhabitants of that island. In the 1002nd year from the crossing of the sons of Israel through the Red Sea, after part of them left from [Egypt] they added a third race to Britain, which they named Scots, from whom is named Scotland previously named Albany from Albanactus son of Brutus.
Annotation number: CRC031
Wall's reference number: 20
Interempto Porrex de sturgiade sturgiade sturgia [sic] populum afflixit et regnum
quinque regibus submissum est qui sese mutuis cladibus infestabant,
videlicet: Pinnerus rex Loegrie, Juclanus Kambrie,
Statarius Albanie, Yenanus Humbrie, Clotonus Cornubie,
usque ad tempora Molumultii vel Dunwallonis. Et occisus fuit
a matre propria eo quo ipse fratrem suum occiderat.
With Porrex having been killed, discord afflicted the people, and the kingdom was subjected to five kings who harrassed each other with mutual devastation, namely Pinner king of Loegria, Ruduac of Cambria, Stater of Albany, Yenanus of Humber, and Cloten of Cornwall, until the time of Mumultius or Dunwallo. And he [Porrex] was killed by his own mother because he himself killed his brother.
Annotation number: CRC032
Wall's reference number: 21
Iste Dunwallo, filius Clotonis, ducis Cornubie, interfecis
regibus Loegarie, Kambrie et Albanie, invasit regnum et
optinuit ac primo leges inter Britones statuit. De quo
Gildas meminit Molmentine dicebantur que ad huc inter
Anglos celebeantur. Statuit enim ut quicumque ad templa
deorum fugeret cum venia coram aspcum [sic] inmicorum [sic] recederet.
This Dunwallo, son of Cloten duke of Cornwall, with the kings of Loegria, Cambria, and Albany killed, took possession of the kingdom and held it, and first established laws among the Britons. Concerning this, Gildas recounts that they were called Molmentine and honoured to this day among the English. For he [Dunwallo] decreed that anyone who fled to the temples of the gods could return with a pardon, openly in the sight of his enemies.
Annotation number: CRC033
Wall's reference number: 22
Belinus iste fieri fecit duas vias ex lapidibus et cemento
in longitudiem et latitudine Britannie, secans totam insulam in longitudine a Menia [sic] usque ad parte Hamonis
vel Suthampton, in latitudine a Cornubio mari usque ad
litus Catheneis. Et postea cum Brennio, fratre suo rego Allogoborum,
totam Galliam dicioni sue submiserunt subsequentibus Gallio
et Porcenna consulibus Romanis devictis Romam ceperunt
remanente Brennio Ytali. Condidit iste Belinus civitatem
Kaerusk, que postea dicebatur Urbs Legionum a Romanis
metropolis. Totius Kambrie Guithlaoum fecit regem ei
tributarium et construxit Belyngysgate in London.
This Belinus was the first to make two roads out of stone and cement across the length and breadth of Britain, cutting the whole island in half from Menevia to the port of Hamon or Southampton, and in breadth from the Cornish sea to the shore of Caithness. And afterwards, with his brother Brennius king of the Allogabi, they placed the whole of Gaul under their authority. Following this, having defeated the Roman consuls Gallio and Porcenna they took Rome with Brennius remaining in Italy. This Belinus founded the city of Caerleon which was later called the City of Legions from the capital city of the Romans. He made Guithlaoum king of all Cambria a tributary to him and built Billingsgate in London.
Annotation number: CRC034
Wall's reference number: 23
Iste Gurgwynt, occiso in proelio rego Dacorum fecit,
insulam Hiberum inhabitari Blasclonses Hispaniis, quam
gens illa adhuc inhabitat. Et sepultus est in Urbe
Legionum.
This Gurgiunt, having killed the king of the Dacians in battle, caused the island of Ireland to be inhabited by Gascons of Spain, which that race still inhabits. And he was buried in the City of Legions.
Annotation number: CRC035
Wall's reference number: 24
Iste Guthelinus, cuius ignoratur origo, 10 annis
regnavit et habuit uxorem nominem Marciam, que secundum
quosdam regnavit post ipsum 12 annis. Et hic
fecit primo leges in hoc regno quas Britones Marcianas
vocant, qua rex Alfredus postea transtulit
et Marchenlawe vocavit.
This Guithelin, whose origin is unknown, reigned ten years and had a wife named Marcia, who according to some reigned after him for 12 years. And he made the first laws in this kingdom which the Britons call Marcian, which King Alfred later translated and called Marchenlawe.
Annotation number: CRC036
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Danius successit
fratri suo in regnum et
regnavit 15 annus.
This Danius succeeded his brother in the kingdom and reigned 15 years.
Annotation number: CRC037
Wall's reference number: 25
Morwidus iste, a marina bellua devoratus, quinque filios
habuit, qui omnes diadema regni sunt consecuti et regnavit
decem annis.
This Morvidus, devoured by a sea monster, had five sons who all succeeded to the royal crown, and he reigned ten years.
Annotation number: CRC038
Wall's reference number: 26
Istum Archigallum insula, propter suam ferocitatem, a regni solio
deposuerunt et Elidurum, fratrem suum, erexerunt qui postea
pietate ductus predictum Archigallum fratrem suum in regnum
suum restituit quo defuncto iterum erigitur Elidurus set
captus a Vigenio et Pereduro fratibus suis carceri mancipatur
regno privatus. Quibus defunctis, tertio erigitur
et in regnum restituitur que in pace vitam finivit.
Primo regnavit 5 annis, secundo uno anno, et tertio 3ibus
annis.
The islanders deposed this Arthgallo from the royal throne on account of his ferocity and raised Elidur, his brother. Afterwards he [Elidur], having been led by piety, restored the aforementioned Arthgallo his brother to the kingdom. After he [Arthgallo] died, Elidur was again raised but was captured by Vigenius and Peredurus, his brothers, and was transferred to prison and deprived of the kingdom. After they died, he was raised for a third time and restored to the kingdom, and thus ended his life in peace. He reigned first for 5 years, the second time for one year, and the third for 3 years.
Annotation number: CRC039
Wall's reference number: 27
Deposito Archigallo a regni solio propter suam ferocitatem
Elidurus, frater eius,
in regem electus est
qui propter pietatem quam fecit in
suum fratrem. Postea pius appellatus nam cum regnasset
per quidenam [sic] et quadam die venans in nemore
obviabit fratri suo qui depositus fuerat ipse etiam
peragratis multis provinciis quesierat auxilium ad regnum
recuperandum nunc usque invenit. Elidurus viso fratrem osclatus
est eum plriens [sic] et adduces ipsum fecum in civitatem Aclud
et in thalamo suo occubuit [sic]. Fingens que rex se infirmum
misit que nuntios per universum regnum quatinus principes
convenirent ad ipsum. Cumque omnes congregarentur precipit
ut unusquisque per ingrederetur ad ipsum sine strepitu
dicebat enim multum sermonem nocere capiti suo
singlos que ingredientes iussit rex ministris capere
et singlorum capita amputare nisi Archigallonem
fratrem suum iterum regem facerent. Confirmatoque
cum illis federe. Elidurus duxit Archigallonem
fecum Eborum [sic] et sumens diadema de capiti suo
imposuit super capud eius et ideo sortitus est
hoc nomen pius quia predicam pietatem in fratrem
suum fecerat.
With Arthgallo, due to his ferocity, deposed from the throne Elidur, his brother, was elected as king. [Elidur] was later named Pious because of the piety he showed his brother. For when he had reigned for five years, on a certain day while hunting he met with his brother who had been deposed, who, having travelled all over many provinces, was still seeking help in order to be restored to his kingdom, and only found it now. Elidur, when he saw his brother, kissed him many times and, bringing him with him to the city of Dumbarton, concealed him in his own bedroom. Pretending that he was sick, the king sent messengers through the whole kingdom for the princes to meet with him. And when they had all assembled, the king ordered them to come through to him one at a time without noise, for he said that much conversation hurt his head, and ordered his ministers to seize those entering one at a time and cut off their heads unless they made his brother Arthgallo king again. And when they agreed he made a treaty with them. Elidur led Arthgallo with him to York and, taking the crown from his own head, put it on his [brother's] head, and for that reason he received this name [Pious] because of his aforementioned piety to his brother.
Annotation number: CRC040
Wall's reference number: 28
Iste Vigenius, cum fratrem suo Periduro, regnavit 7 annis, et
post mortem fratris octo annis.
This Ingenius reigned for seven years with his brother Peredur, and after the death of his brother eight years.
Annotation number: CRC041
Wall's reference number: 29
Iste Eynanius, propter suam ferocitatem, sexto anno regni
sui a sede regia depositus fuit. Et Idwall, cognatus
eius, regnavit pro eo.
This Ennianus, because of his ferocity, was deposed from the royal throne in the sixth year of his reign. And Idwal, his relative, reigned instead of him.
Annotation number: CRC042
Wall's reference number: 30
Ab Idwallo rego usque Cassibelianum regem, in
cronicis non habentur eorum gesta.
From King Idwall to King Cassibelaunus, their deeds are not in the chronicles.
Annotation number: CRC043
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Fulgentius primo
regnavit, deinde Eldadus
postremo Androgius.
This Fulgenius reigned first, then Edadus, and finally Andragius.
Annotation number: CRC044
Wall's reference number: 31
Cealinus iste statuit in Saxonia, que est pars
Germanie, ut cum habendantia homini in ea cresceret vel
superveniret iuniores et fortiores regni per sortes
a terra expellerent numquam reversuri sed per universum
mundum extra regna petituri et mansionem et victum
quesituri, Willimus de Ryvall, libro primo. Omnes
namque terra fere que extra occeanum Britanicum sub Septemtrionali
axe iacet que tot homines gingnit [sic]. Germania
nuncupatur. Igitur sicut arboris lasciventes ramisculi [sic]
solent succidi ut vite arboris succus possit
sufficere sic incolarum Germanie antiquitus expulso
matrem terra alienavit ut tam numerose prolis pastu
exhausta subcumbat. Hinc est quod homines illius loci
et terre eiusdem, de necessitate fecerunt sibi virtutem
bellandi ut e nativo solo ejecti pergrinas scilicet sedes vindicent
sicut quondam Wandali pertinerunt Affricam, Longobardi
Italiam, Normanni Galliam.
This Cealinus decreed in Saxony, which is part of Germany, that when the people living there increased or became excessive, the younger and stronger of the kingdom would be expelled by lot from the land, never to return, but to seek lodging and nourishment through the whole world outside the kingdom – William of Ryvall, Book One. For nearly all the land that lies beyond the British ocean below the North Pole bears so many men it is called Germany. Therefore just as the free-running twigs of a tree are cut down so that the sap can be sufficient for the life of the tree, so the inhabitants of Germany in ancient times, having been expelled, were alienated from their motherland lest it be overcome, the pasture exhausted by so populous a race. It is because of this that the people of that same place and land, by necessity, made for themselves a virtue of waging war so that, ejected from their native land, they might claim foreign settlements just as the Vandals took Africa, the Lombards Italy, and the Normans Gaul.
Annotation number: CRC045
Wall's reference number: 32
Hic Bledgabred, omnes cantores quos retro etas habuerat
excedebat et etiam in modulis et in omnibus
musicis instrumentis.
This Blegdabred exceeded all singers from the previous age, and [also in] metre and in all musical instruments.
Annotation number: CRC046
Wall's reference number: 33
Iste Cassibilanus, factus est primus tributarius, Julio
Cesari solvens, sibi singlis annis tria milia librarum
proditione Androgei ducis Ternovanter [sic] Julio prius bis devicto.
This Cassibelaunus was made the first tributary to Julius Caesar, paying three thousand Roman pounds to him each year, due to the betrayal of Androgeus duke of Trinovantum, having previously conquered Julius twice.
Annotation number: CRC047
Wall's reference number: 34
Iste Lud fecit urbem Trinovantum, Kaerlud appellari,
deinde per coruptionem lingue Lundene nuncupatur. Qui
construxit in ea portam et super portam turrim quam
Ludgate nuncupavit, ubi tumulatus iacet et regnavit
ante Cassibilianum 21 annis.
XXI
This Lud made the city of Trinovantum to be named Kaerlud, and then, through corruption of the language, it is called Ludene. He built in it a gate and above the gate a tower which he called Ludgate, where he lies buried, and he reigned for 21 years before Cassibelianus.
Annotation number: CRC048
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Istus Nenniuum
Julius Cesar occiditur.
This Nennius was killed by Julius Caesar.
Annotation number: CRC049
Wall's reference number: 35
In diebus Kymbelini regis natus est Cristus anno
regni sui quinto, et ab origine mundi 5196°
V
M et
CXCVI
In the days of King Cymbeline, Christ was born in the fifth year of his reign, and the 5196th year from the beginning of the world.
Annotation number: CRC050
Wall's reference number: 36
Iste Guiderus tributum dare Romanis denegavit.
Quem postea Claudius Cesar occidit apud Porcestr‘,
vel Arviragus fratre eius Hamonem Romanum iuxta ripam maris
occidit, ob quod locus ille Hampton nuncupatur.
Claudius dedit Arvirago Gewysiam filiam suam in uxorem.
Unde Claudius in memoriam celebritatis tantarum
nunptiarum, edificavit civitatem quam appellavit
Claudiocester’, inter Loygam et Demetiam super ripam Sabrine.
Eodem tempore, Petrus Apostulus Antichenam fundavit
ecclesiam.
This Guiderius refused to give tribute to the Romans. Afterwards Claudius Caesar killed him at Porchester, [and] his brother Arviragus killed the Roman Hamo near the shore of the sea, on account of which the place is called Hampton. Claudius gave Genvissa his daughter to Arviragus in marriage. From there Claudius, in memory of the celebration of such a wedding, built the city which he named Claudiocester between Loegria and Demetia on the banks of the Severn. At the same time, the Apostle Peter founded the Church of Antioch.
Annotation number: CRC051
Wall's reference number: 37
Iste Marius occidit Rodric, regem Pictorum Albaniam
devastantem, ob quam, victoriam appellavit nomen
loci Westmarina, usque nunc, qui poplom [sic] Pictorum devicto
dedit Chatanesiam ad inhabitandum qui uxores non habentes
duxerunt ex Hibernia mulieres anno gratie 77°
LXXVII°
.
This Marius killed Sodric, king of the Picts [who was] laying waste to Albany, because of which victory he named the place Westmoreland [which it remains] until now, and having conquered the Pictish people he gave them Caithness to inhabit, and not having wives, they brought women from Ireland in the year of grace 77.
Annotation number: CRC052
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Iste Jetha dicens fuit
filius Dei.
This Jetha was declaring the son of God.
Annotation number: CRC053
Wall's reference number: 38
Lucius, missis ab Eleutherio Papa, Pagano et Amniano
Christianis, Christianus effectus baptizatus est anno Domini 156°. Qui
CLVI

Templa Deorum in cultum permutarunt ubi erant tres Archiflamines,
tres Archiepiscopos constituerunt, ubi erant flamines
XXVIII
28, tot episcopos mutato ritu instituerunt. Prima sedes
London’, secundam Ebor’, tercia in Urbe Legionum. Et sepultus
est Ebor‘.
With the Christians Fagan and Duvianus sent by Pope Eleutherius, and Lucius made a Christian, he [Lucius] was baptised in the year of our lord 156. They completely altered the temples of the gods in religion; where there were three arch-priests they established three archbishops, where there were 28 priests they set up as many bishops, having changed the rites. The first seat was London, the second York, the third in the City of Legions. And he was buried in York.
Annotation number: CRC054
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Iste fuit primus
rex Christianus
in hoc regno.
He [Lucius] was the first Christian king in this kingdom.
Annotation number: CRC055
Wall's reference number: 39
Severus Romanus regni diadema optinuit, qua Lucius
sobole caruit qui sibi succederet. Hic fecit construi vallum
inter Aeriam et Albanum et a mare usque ad mare. Cuius filii unus
post alium successit in regnum primo Gethas, postremo Basianus.
Severus the Roman obtained the royal crown, because Lucius had no offspring to succeed him. He made for a wall to be built between Deria and Albany and from sea to sea. His sons one after the other succeeded to the kingdom, first Geta and last Bassianus.
Annotation number: CRC056
Wall's reference number: 40
Carautius, ex infima gentis ortus, sed Britannus,
postea quia Romanis resistebat, per Allectum interfectus est virum
fortem et Romanum. Interficerat [sic] eium primo Basianum regem Britannie.
Carausius, born from the lowest ancestry but British, because he resisted the Romans was afterwards killed by Allectus, a strong man and Roman. He had first killed Bassianus, king of Britain.
Annotation number: CRC057
Wall's reference number: 41
Asclepiodotus Britannus peremit regem Allectum Romanum
et Livium Gallum, cum tribus legionibus infra urbem London
super torrentem qui dictum a nominem Galli, Collebrok, sub
quo passus est Sanctus Albanus martir.
Asclepiodotus the Briton killed King Allectus the Roman and Luvius the Gaul with three legions below London on the rushing stream which is called by a Gallic name, Collebrok, beneath which St Alban the martyr suffered.
Annotation number: CRC058
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste erat dux
Cornubie.
This man was the duke of Cornwall.
Annotation number: CRC059
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Coyl dux Colocestrie
occidit Asclepiodotum
et regni diadema
suscepit.
This Coel, duke of Colchester, killed Asclepiodotus and took up the royal crown.
Annotation number: CRC060
Wall's reference number: 41
Constantius Romanus duxit Elenam, filiam Coyl, in
uxorem de qua genuit Constantinum Magnum, qui a
beato Silvestr’ Papa baptizatus. Urbem Constantinopolim
condidit et suo nomini appellavit. Imperator Romanorum
factus Maxentio interfecto.
Constantius the Roman led Helena daughter of Coel into marriage and by her begat Constantine the Great, who was baptised by the blessed Pope Sylvester. He [Constantine] founded the city of Constantinople and named it for his own name. Having killed Maxentius he was made Emperor of the Romans.
Annotation number: CRC061
Wall's reference number: 42a
Iste Octovius, dux Goweseorum, regni diadema adeptus,
sed non linealitur. unicam filiam suam Maximiano, filio Leonini,
fratris Elene, dedit in uxorem cum regno suo.
This Octavius, duke of Gewisse, obtained the royal crown, but not by lineage. He gave his only daughter to Maximian son of Leoninus the brother of Helena in marriage, together with his kingdom.
Annotation number: CRC062
Wall's reference number: 43
Maximianus Romanus Armoricum regnum que nunc Britannia
Minor dictitur conquisivit. Ducem eius Inbaldum cum
XV
15 milibus armatorum interemit quod quid regnum eo
nato nepoti Octavii regis donavit. Replevit que istam
Britanniam C milibus plebanorum. 30 milibus militum quos
XXX

in Britannia collegerat [sic]. XI milia puellarum nobilium
et LX milia ex infima gente natarum de Britannia
evectarum in mari periclitata sunt. Fuit enim filius Leonini
avunculi Constantini demum Rome interfectus.
Maximian the Roman conquered the kingdom of Armoricus now called Brittany. He killed Duke Imbalt with 15,000 armed men, and that kingdom he gave to the nephew of King Octavius, by [virtue of] his birth. He filled this Britannia with 100,000 common people and 30,000 soldiers whom he had gathered in Britain. 11,000 noble girls and 60,000 of low birth of those taken from Britain were wrecked on the sea. Finally the son of Leoninus, uncle of Constantine, was killed at Rome.
Annotation number: CRC063
Wall's reference number: 42
Anno octavo adventus Anglorum, incepit regnum Kantie,
primo rege Hengisto. Anno 13°
XIII
, regnum Estanglie, in quo fuit
Sortif et Suth. Anno 30
XXX
, regnum Suthsex‘ tunc regnabat
Arthurus. Anno gratie a [sic] 19. Estsex‘. Anno gratie D. 47. regnum
Northumbrie. Anno gratie [D.] 25
XXV
, regnum Mercie, in quo
12
XII
sunt provincie, scilicet: Lyncoln’, Lecestrie, Northhampton, Huntyngdon,
Herford, Bokyngham, Oxonia, Gloucestria, Wigornia,
Walrwyke. Hoc regnum ampliavit magnificus triumpator
rex Offa qui contemporaneus regi Francorum, Karolo Magno. 24°
XXIIII
anno
postquam regnum Francorum inchoaverat, quorum primus rex Faramundus
applicuit Hengistus cum suis. Iste Hengistus cum Hors, fratre
suo de Saxoniam, que est regio in Germania veniens a Vortigerno
rege Britannie invitatus ad auxiliandum contra Pictos et Scotos
paganos. Venit in Britanniam cum tribus longis navibus
anno 449°
CCCCXLIX
. Qui, percipiens segnitiem [sic] Britonum et insule fertilitatem,
accersivit Jutos que est pars Germanie et Anglos, dictos
ab Anglom qui est inter Saxoniam et Jutam. De Jutata
origine sunt qui inhabitant Estsex, Westsex, Midilsex
et Suthsex. De Anglia sunt orti Estangli, Middilangli,
Merci et Northumbri. Anno septimo adventus Anglorum
in Britanniam, cecidit in bello contra Britanus apud
Aelestrem.
In the eighth year [after] the arrival of the English the kingdom of Kent began, with the first king, Hengist. In the thirteenth year [began] East Anglia, which were [founded by] Sortif and Suth. In the 30th year, the kingdom of Sussex; Arthur reigned then. In the year of grace [5]19, Essex. In the year of grace 547, the kingdom of Northumbria. In the year of grace [5]25, the kingdom of Mercia, in which there are 12 provinces, as follows: Lincoln, Leicester, Northampton, Huntington, Hereford, Buckingham, Oxford, Gloucester, Worcester, and Warwick. The great conqueror King Offa, who was contemporary with the king of the Franks, Charlemagne, enlarged this kingdom. In the 24th year after the kingdom of the Franks was established, the first king of whom was Pharamond, Hengist landed with his people. This Hengist, with Horsa, his brother, coming from Saxony, which is a region in Germany, invited by Vortigern, king of Britain to help against the Pictish and Scottish pagans, arrived in Britain with three longships in the year 449. Seeing the weakness of the Britons and the fertility of the island he sent for the Jutes, which is part of Germany and the English, so called from Anglia, which is between Saxony and Jutland. From Jutish origin are those who inhabit Essex, Wessex, Middlesex, and Sussex. From Anglia are descended East Anglians, Middle Anglians, Mercians, and Northumbrians. In the seventh year since the arrival of the English in Britain, he fell in battle against the Britons at Aylesford.
Annotation number: CRC064
Wall's reference number: 45
Grannus [sic] Romanus iure hereditario missus a Maxinano
contra Pictos, qui patriam a mari usque ad mare vastaverunt.
Propter cuius feritatem, plebani ipsum occiderunt.
Gratianus the Roman, [king] by hereditary law, was sent by Maximian against the Picts, who ravaged the country from sea to sea, and because of his ferocity, the common people killed him.
Annotation number: CRC065
Wall's reference number: 44
Ab isto Woden omnis pene barbarorum nationum
genus lineam traxit. Quem tunc gentes Saxonum deum putantes
propter multiplicationem gentis quartum ei diem in ebdomada que
Wodeneisdey et sectum diem uxori sue Frealaff,
qui Fryday perpetuo sacrilegio consecraverunt.
From this Woden nearly every race of barbarian draws lineage. The Saxon people, believing him to be a god because of the multiplication of his race, consecrated to him the fourth day in the week, which is Wednesday, and the sixth day to his wife Frealaff, which is Friday, in perpetual sacrilege.
Annotation number: CRC066
Wall's reference number: 44a
Anglia, que nunc est, nuper Britannia
dicta, extra septem mundi solida climata que
sunt in spatio superficie terre habitabilis sita
est. Sunt itaque proximinores Austrius, Indius,
sequentur Ethiopes, deinde Egiptii, postea Jerosolomitani
scilicet in medio climate deinde
Greci, postea Romani deinde Franci. Britonum
non est clima, insula enim est et
mari circumdata. Anglia profecto Anglis
consiles [sic] suos educat habitatores praesentibus
namque diebus prestita eorum virtutem non est
inventa aliqua natione que tam composite
tam que reverenter deo famuletur sicut Angligena
ut manifestius celicolis conformetur.
Et licet Saxones, Daci et alie nationes
sit [sic] cum Anglis Anglia est nominata pro
eo que cum alie nationes in partibus unde venerant
nominam propria retineret. Angli a quodam
Angulo inter Saxoniam, et Jutham dicti.
Omnino recedentes usque in hodiernum
diem tam nominem quam habitatoribus patriam
suam variam reliquerunt nomine suum
ibidem deletum hic recuperantes.
Regnum autem Westsexie processu temporis
cetera regna sibi subjugavit et monarchiam
optinuit.
England, which it is now, was [until] recently called Britain. [It] is situated outside the seven solid zones of the world which comprise the Earth's habitable surface. Austrius [and] India are [its] neighbouring [zones], and subsequently [those occupied by the] Ethiopians, then the Egyptians, and last [those of] the Jerusalemites, that is in the middle region; then are the Greeks, then the Romans, then the Franks. Britain is not a region, for it is an island and surrounded by sea. England surely brings up its inhabitants more like angels, for in present days their virtue is not to be found exceeded by another nation which serves God so regularly and reverentially as the English race, so that it [England] is more clearly shaped by angels. And although there are Saxons and Danes and other nations with English people, England is named because while the other nations in the parts they had come from retained their own names, the English, called from a certain Angulus between Saxony and Jute, withdrawing entirely, left their country, [which is] until the present day diverse by name as much as inhabitants, regaining in that place their name [which had been] erased. But the kingdom of Wessex in the progression of time subjugated the other kingdoms to itself and obtained the monarchy.
Annotation number: CRC067
Wall's reference number: 46
Iste Constantinus ex Armorico regno natus,
frater Aldroen, qui 4us erat a Conano pro duce qui 3 genuit
filios quorum quilibet regni diademia assecutus est demum
a quodam Picto occulte interfectus est.
This Constantine, born in the kingdom of Armoric, brother of Aldroenus who was 4th from Conan the first duke, begat 3 sons who succeeded freely to the royal crown, and finally was killed secretly by a certain Pict.
Annotation number: CRC068
Wall's reference number: 47
Iste Vortigerus, accito Constante, tunc monarcho, cum diademate
fecit. Insigniri ac post modum in Londoniis fecit
eum a Pictis occidi et sibi diadema regni usurpavit.
Horso et Hengisto a Saxonia imitatis dedit
locum Tanecastrie ubi invitato Votigrino duxit.
Rowen, filiam Hengesti, in uxorem dedit qui idem
pro filia sua provincia Kantie. Iste Vortigerus
inito [sic] bello contra Saxones, Horsum interemit et ceteros a
regno fugavit, quem Rowen noverca sua veneno
extinxit vocatis iterum Saxonibus commiserunt plurium
in dolo apud Ambresburiam contra Saxones ibique devictis
Britonibus fugereunt ad Montes Ererii ubi prophavit
Merlinus. In tempore illo venit Germanus beatus
et Lupus ad extirpandum heresim Pelagianam.
This Vortigern, having summoned Constans, then a monk, made him [king] with a crown. Having honoured him, after a time he had him killed in London by a Pict and usurped the royal crown for himself. Having invited Horsa and Hengist from Saxony he gave to them the place of Tanecastria where Vortigern, having been invited, led Rowan daughter of Hengist into marriage and gave to him the province of Kent for his daughter. This Vortimer, having initiated war against the Saxons, killed Horsa and put the others to flight from the kingdom. Rowan his stepmother killed him with poison and, with the Saxons summoned again, they joined in battle in deceit at Amesbury against the Saxons, and having been defeated there, the Britons fled to the Mountains of Eriri where Merlin prophesied. In this time the blessed Germanicus and Lupus came in order to root out the Pelagian heresy.
Annotation number: CRC069
Wall's reference number: 48
Vortimerus occidit Horsum, fratrem Hengisti in prolio, et denvenatus/occubuit.
Vortimer killed Horsa, brother of Hengist, in battle and died having been poisoned.
Annotation number: CRC070
Wall's reference number: 49
Iste Aurelius conbussit opidum [sic] Genorem in Ergni super
flumium [sic] Waye in Monte Cloart et Vortigerum in castro.
Postea vero Hengisto in bello interfecto, fecit Choream
Gigantum de Montibus Kyldarne de Hibernia usque
ad Montem Ambri ingeniose deportari ibi que in
memoriale interfectorum Britonum stabilire tandem
apud Wyntonie veneno occibuit. Et sepultus
in Chorea Gigantum.
This Aurelius burnt down the town of Genorem in Ergni on the river Wye in Mount Doartius, and Vortigern in his camp. After he killed Hengist in battle, he cleverly made the Giants' Dance from the Mountains of Kildare in Ireland to be brought to Mount Ambri, where he set it up in memory of the slain Britons. Finally he died at Winchester by poison, and he is buried in the Giants' Dance.
Annotation number: CRC071
Wall's reference number: 50
Iste Uther, sic Pendragon nuncupatur, quia sic aquila est
prophetatus propter stellam que in morte Aurelii apparuit
effigiem draconis et radium emittentem qui
genuit Arthurum ex Igerna uxore Gorloyus ducis
Cornubie et postea apud Verelamium veneno extinctus.
Apud Almusbery sepultus est. Et in tempere suo
erat Boitius [sic].
This Uther, thus called Pendragon because the eagle prophesied [about] a star which appeared at the death of Aurelius in the form of a dragon and emitted a ray, begat Arthur from Igerna the wife of Gorlois duke of Cornwall and afterwards, having been killed at Verulamium by poison, he was buried at Almesbury. And in his time was Boethius.
Annotation number: CRC072
Wall's reference number: 51
Tempore Cerdicis regis Westsexie, surrexit apud
Britones Arthurus. Qui Arthurus nobilis bellator
duodecies dux belli fuit et duodecies victor exstitit.
Triumphatis Saxonibus, Pictis et Scotis duxit
Gwenweber in uxorem ex genere Romanorum editam
subjugatis postea Hiberini Osland, Goodland, Orcad
et Australibus universis, Norwagia, Dacia, Gallia
Acquitannia et Vasconia, rediit in Britanniam coronatus
in Urbe Legionum, in festo Penticostes, ubi
cedente Dubricio, suo archiepiscopatui David in loco
ipsius subrogatur. Avunclus regis. Dum hec fierent,
venerunt nuntii Lucii Cesaris tributa Rome expotentes [sic].
Arthurus vero inconsonum videns, Lucio Romanorum imperatori
censum dari venit cum suis in obviam sibi devius
ibique triumpho super Romanos potitus Lucio Cesari
in bello interempto prostrato [sic] per viam per duellum gigantem
horriblem. Cum igitur Romam tenderet nuntiatum est ei
Modredum, cui regnum commisit diadema proditiose
invasisse qui Arthuro revertenti vi armorum restitit set [sic]
Arthuro localiter vulnerato Modredus occubuit Arthuro
in insulam Glastoni’ delato tumulando terdenis regnis
sibi subactis et sue potestati subjectis. Regno
eius Constantino cognato filio ducis Cornubie concesso
in civitate sua Men’ [sic]. Anno ab Incarnationem Domini
542°
CCCCCXLII
et tunc obiit archepiscopus Urbis Legionum.
In the time of Cerdic king of Wessex, Arthur rose among the Britons. Arthur, a noble warrior, was commander of war twelve times, and twelve times emerged the victor. Having conquered the Saxons, the Picts and the Scots he led Guinevere, born from the Roman lineage, into marriage. Afterwards, having conquered Ireland, Osland, Goodland, Orkney and the whole south, Norway, Dacia, Septentrional Gaul, and Gascony, he returned to Britain and was crowned in the City of Legions on the feast of Pentecost, where, with Dubricio having conceded his archbishopric, David, uncle of the king, was chosen as successor in his place. While this was happening, messengers of Lucius Caesar came demanding tribute to Rome. Arthur, truly thinking it disagreeable to give wealth to Lucius emperor of the Romans, came against him deviously with his men, and having conquered the Romans and killed Lucius Caesar in battle, he defeated a horrible giant on the road through a duel. Then, while he was encamped in Rome it was announced to him that Mordred, to whom he entrusted the kingdom, had treacherously taken possession of the crown. When Arthur returned, Mordred resisted by strength of arms, but fell after Arthur was mortally wounded. With Arthur taken to the island of Glastonbury to be buried, having conquered 13 kingdoms and subjected them to his authority, his kingdom was conceded to his relative Constantine, son of the duke of Cornwall, in the city of Menevia. It was the 542nd year after the Incarnation of the Lord, and at that time the archbishop of the City of Legions died.
Annotation number: CRC073
Wall's reference number: 52
Hic dividitur Loegaria que nunc
Anglia dicitur in septem regna.
Here Loegaria which is now called England is divided into seven kingdoms.
Annotation number: CRC074
Wall's reference number: 54
Edelbrith, rex Kantie, primus omnium
regum Anglorum conversus est ad fidem
per Augustinum monarchum, et cum regnasset
LVI
56° annis mortuus est. Et sepultus
in ecclesiam quam ipse fundaverat anno
[VI]
C
XVI
gratie 616° apud Kantiam.
Æthelbert, king of Kent, first of all the English kings, was converted to the faith by the monk Augustine, and when he had reigned for 56 years he died. And he is buried in the church he himself founded in the year of grace 616 in Kent.
Annotation number: CRC075
Wall's reference number: 56
Anno gratie 582°
V
C
LXXXII
, misit Gregorius Papa Augustinum
episcopum in Angliam ad fidem Christi
ut eos converteret. Anno ab adventu Anglorum
150°
CL
anno, quo Edelbrith, regem Kantie primo
baptizavit cum suo populo et postea
factus est archiepiscopus Cant’ ubi regem predictum
baptizaverat in cuius adiutorium misit
Gregorius: Mellitum, Justum, Paulinum, Rifinianum
mandans ut 12
XII
episcopos in certis locis
ordinaret. Qui ordinavit Justum in ecclessiam Roffensis
sic dictam a Rofo duce eorum. Ordinavit
Mellitum in ecclesiam London‘ ad cuius sedem
rex Edelbrith construxit ecclesiam in honore
Sancti Pauli. Dictus vero Augustinus primam
edificavit ecclesiam in civitate Cantuar’ nomine
salvatoris quem predicaverat ad sedem suam
archi
episcopalem.
Et rex Edelbrith edificavit ecclesiam
in eadem civitate in honore apostolorum
Petri et Pauli ubi iacet sepultus et omnes
archiepiscopi successores Augustini usque ad Theoderum.
Qui nunc abbathia Sancti Augustini nuncupatur.
In the year of grace 582, Pope Gregory sent the bishop Augustine to England in order to convert the people to the Christian faith. In the 150th year since the arrival of the English, he first baptised Æthelbert, king of Kent with his people, and afterwards was made archbishop of Canterbury, where he had baptised the aforementioned king, and Gregory sent to his aid Mellitus, Justus, Paulinus, and Romanus, ordering him to ordain 12 bishops in certain places. He ordained Justus in the church of Rochester, so named from Rufus their duke. He ordained Mellitus in the church of London, at the seat of which King Æthelbert built a church in honour of St Paul. Truly the aforementioned Augustine built the first church in the city of Canterbury by name of the saviour about whom he preached, at the seat of his archbishopric. And King Æthelbert built a church in the same city in honour of the apostles Peter and Paul, where he lies buried, and [also] all the archbishops, successors of Augustine, up to Theodore. It is now called the Abbey of St Augustine.
Annotation number: CRC138
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[...]
[...]
Annotation number: CRC076
Wall's reference number: 53
Tempore Caretici ultimi regis Britonum applicuit Godmundus
rex Affricanorum et insulam a mare usque ad mare cum
ecclesiis destruxit. Et sic Britones monarchiam regni ulterius
non optinuerunt.
In the time of Caretic last king of the Britons, Godmundus king of the Africans landed and destroyed the island with the churches from sea to sea. And thus the Britons did not hold the monarchy of the kingdom further.
Annotation number: CRC077
Wall's reference number: 53
Iam Britones a monarchia regni expulsi 'Wallenses'
a suo duce Wallone sive a regina eorum Gwalce [sic]
nominati.
The Britons expelled from the monarchy of the kingdom are now named Welsh from the leader Wallo or from their queen Gwalia.
Annotation number: CRC078
Wall's reference number: 55
Iste Edelwold
conversus per Birinum. Eus [sic]
temporibus non cecidit
pluvia tribus annis
ideo Wilfridus episcopis
primo docuit artem
piscandi.
This Æthelwold was converted by Birinus. In his times no rain fell for three years and for that reason Bishop Wilfred first taught the art of fishing.
Annotation number: CRC079
Wall's reference number: 55a
Cedwalla rex
Westsexie debellata
insula Vecta
que ex mille
ducentarum familiarum
posessionem
trecentarum familiarum
dedit Wilfrido episcopo
Wynton’.
Cædwalla king of Wessex conquered the Isle of Wight and gave the possessions of three hundred families out of one thousand two hundred families to Wilfred bishop of Winchester.
Annotation number: CRC080
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
Hic
secundus
est monarchus
constituto primo
castro de Tauton‘.
This man following is the monk who founded the first castle of Taunton.
Annotation number: CRC081
Wall's reference number: 57
Iste Kadwaladrus, propter discidium et famem diram ac
pestiferam mortis luem que secuta est insulam Britannie
relinquens ab angelo monitus, sub Sergio Papa Rome
monarchus effectus est. Anno ab in carniatione Domini 679.
VI
C
LXXIX

Degenerate igitur Britones a Britannea nobilitate non
Britones a Bruto, sed Wallenses a suo duce Wallone
dicti, diadema regni numquam adepturi quousque
reliquias et ossa Kadwalladri a Roma in Britanniam
apportaverint.
This Cadwallader, because of discord and dire famine and the pestilential plague of death which followed, leaving the island of Britain after being warned by an angel, was made a monk under Pope Sergius in Rome in the 679th year from the Incarnation of the Lord. The Britons, having therefore declined from the nobility of Britain, are no longer called Britons from Brutus, but Welsh from Wallo their leader, and would never obtain the royal crown until they should bring the relics and bones of Cadwallader from Rome into Britain.
Annotation number: CRC082
Wall's reference number: 58
Ceolwulf regi isti Northumbrie Beda
scripsit Historiam Anglorum.
For this King Ceolwulf, Bede of Northumbria wrote the History of the English.
Annotation number: CRC083
Wall's reference number: 59a
Iste Offa de semine
Woden transtulit
ossa Beati Albani in
monasterium ubi nunc sunt
quod ipse construxerat et dedit
Beato Petro, redditum
unius denarii de
singlis domibus
regni sui in eternum.
Iste precepit amputari
capud Sancti Ethelberti
anno gratie
790°.
This Offa from the seed of Woden transferred the bones of the blessed Alban into a monastery where they are now, which he built, and gave to the blessed Peter a payment of one denarius from every single household of this kingdom into eternity. He ordered that the head of Saint Æthelbert to be cut off in the year of grace 790.
Annotation number: CRC084
Wall's reference number: 59
Egbrictus [sic] subjugatis sibi omnibus regibus tam Britonum quam
Anglorum cum sorte belli cum per spontaneam submisionem ipsorum,
regnis regno suo Westsexie unitus. Devictis etiam Dacis,
monarchiam totius insule rex factus decessit in pace monarchiam
totius insule relinquens Edwolfo filio suo et sic
numquam inposterium est insula Anglie in diversos reges divisa
Et circa annum domini 800°, iussit omnes incolas vocari Anglos
VIII
C

et terram vocari Angliam eo quo Hengisto descenderunt
et ind [sic] Engelond vel Hengistis lond et etiam quia illi
venerunt de quodam Angulo Germanie. Et iacet Wynton‘.
Egbert, having subjected to himself all the kings of the Britons as much as the English by fate of war and through voluntary submission of the people, united the kingdoms with his own of Wessex. He also conquered the Danes, and having been made king of the whole island, he died in peace leaving the monarchy of the whole island to Æthelwulf his son, and thus since then the island of England has never been divided among separate kings. And around the year of our lord 800 he ordered that all the inhabitants be called English and the land called England because they descended from Hengist, and from there Engelond or Hengist-land, and also because they came from a certain Angulus of Germany. And he lies at Winchester.
Annotation number: CRC085
Wall's reference number: 60
Tractatum est confuse de adventu Anglorum et de regnis
eorum. Cum igitur liber iste verbis sit brevis gesta tum multa
eventus varii bella quamplriam [sic] si omnia scriberentur tedium audientibus
generarent. Sed horum multa prius pagina sub compendio orbiculato
continet sub succincta brevitate iuxta stipitem comprehensam.
The treatment concerning the arrival of the English and their kings is confused. Since therefore this book is of so few words, with so many deeds, varied events, [and] so many wars, if all were to be written, they would create tedium for the audience. But many of these things the earlier page holds within summarised roundels, having been included with succinct brevity, joined to the trunk [of the tree].
Annotation number: CRC086
Wall's reference number: 61
Anno gratie 880, primo venerunt Daci in Anglicam a principio
regis Edwolphi ad predicandum cum puppibus usque ad adventum Normanorum
CCXXX
regis Willi’ ductu 230 annis Daci viz, cum Gothis
et Norwagenses cum Swethedis, Wandali cum Fresis et Angliam
continuis irruptonibus crudelissime infestarunt. Qui Edwolphus primo
monarchus fuit Wyncestrie et postea duxit in uxorem filiam Karoli
Calvi et genuit 4or filios, qui omnes post patrem regnaverunt. Qui
CCC
strenue quinquies in bello Dacos cum 300 navibus adventos devicit
et sepultus est in Abbathia Wyntonie. Iste concessit primo denarios
XX
Sancti Petri in Anglia et regnavit 20 annis et 5 mensibus.
In the year of grace 880 the Danes first came to England with their ships to plunder; from the beginning of King Æthelwulf to the arrival of the Normans under the generalship of King William there were 230 years. Truly the Danes with the Goths and the Norwegians with the Swedes, and the Vandals with the Frisians harrassed England cruelly with continuous assaults. Æthelwulf was first a monk at Winchester and later led into marriage the daughter of Charles the Bald and begat 4 sons, who all reigned after their father. He vigorously defeated the Danes in battle five times when they arrived with 300 ships, and is buried in the abbey of Winchester. He first paid the denarii of St Peter in England and reigned 20 years and 5 months.
Annotation number: CRC087
Wall's reference number: 62
Hic Edwolphus totam terram suam ad opus ecclesiarum
decimavit anno gratie 786° apparuit signum crucis
VII
C
LXXXVI

in vestibus hominem. Quod etiam signum apparuit tempore Willi’
Rufi
regis iuniores post 209 annos.
CCIX
This Æthelwulf imposed a tax on the whole of his land for the works of the churches. In the year of grace 786 appeared a sign of the cross in the clothes of a man. The sign also appeared in the time of King William Rufus 209 years later.
Annotation number: CRC088
Wall's reference number: 65
Ist Edboldus et fratres eius regnaverunt secundum quosdam insimul
et diviserunt regnum inter se. Set [sic] Edelbertus supervixit et tenuit
regnum totum. Secundum alios cronicatores successive regnaverunt.
This Æthelbald and his brothers reigned simultaneously according to some and divided the kingdom among themselves. But Æthelbert outlived them and held the whole kingdom. According to other chroniclers they reigned successively.
Annotation number: CRC089
Wall's reference number: 63
Anno gratie 769° translatum est Imperium Romanum in subjectione
VII
C
IXIX

Karoli Magni, regis Francorum, quo anno antiqui Saxones
a quibus prima gens Anglorum descendit conversi sunt ad
fidem Christianam.
In the year of grace 769 the Roman Empire was transferred into the authority of Charlemagne, king of the Franks, and in that year the ancient Saxons, from whom the first race of the English descended, were converted to the Christian faith.
Annotation number: CRC090
Wall's reference number: 64
Tempore istius Edelred venit exercitus paganorum
in Angliam cui profuit Ingwar et Ubba, qui beatum
Edmundum morte coopertum sagittis impleverunt. Anno
gratie 820 qui etiam contra paganos bis victor exstiterat.
VIII
C
XX

Iste etiam occidit regem Dacorum scilicet Akal cum quinque
consulibus sui comitibus.
In the time of this Æthelred an army of pagans came into England, which was led by Ingwar and Ubba, who, having overwhelmed the blessed Edmund, killed him by filling him with arrows in the year of grace 820, after he had emerged the victor against the pagans twice. This Æthelred also killed the king of the Danes known as Akal with five consuls his companions.
Annotation number: CRC091
Wall's reference number: 66
Alfredus, rex sapientissimus et eloquentissimus, invictus et coronatus
a Leone Papa. Fortis et strenuus contra paganos, levavit Godrum regen Dacorum
et Hasteng‘ de sacro fonte. Et fecit primo longas naves, quas galeys appellamus,
XL
40 remorum contra naves Dacanorum. Ipse enim quasi alter Salomon,
libros sapientie composuit quos antiqui Angli habent. Cuius regni anno
VIII
C
VI
4to, Rollo cum suis primo in Normaniam venit anno gratie 806°, cui
etiam misit Martinus Papa lignum Domini. Et postquam genuerat unicum filium
XXVIII
et nobiles filias ac 28 annis cum dimidio regnasset, victor contra Dacos
CCCIX
in 309 puppibus venientes in sex bellis effectus mortuus est et
sepultus in Abbathia Wyntonie.
Alfred, most wise and eloquent king, unconquered, crowned by Pope Leo, brave and strong against the pagans, lifted Godrus king of the Danes and Hastein from the sacred fountain. And he first built long ships, which we call galleys, of 40 oars against the ships of the Danes. For he, like a second Solomon, composed the books on wisdom which the ancient English have held. In the fourth year of his reign, Rollo with his people first came to Normandy in the year of grace 806, and Pope Martin sent to him the cross of the Lord. And after he [Alfred] had begat one son and noble daughters and reigned 28 and a half years, having been made the victor against the Danes, coming in 309 ships in six wars, he died and is buried in the abbey of Winchester.
Annotation number: CRC092
Wall's reference number: 67
Istarum filiarum una fuit Romanorum imperatrix, due regine,
una sanctimonialis et nobilibus Angli matrimonialiter
copulate.
Of this one's daughters one was empress of the Romans, two were queens, one a nun, and [others] joined in marriage to nobles of England.
Annotation number: CRC093
Wall's reference number: 68
Istas filias nobilibus Anglie et Normannie copulavit.
He joined these daughters with nobles of England and Normandy.
Annotation number: CRC094
Wall's reference number: 69
Iste Rollo Danicus penetravit Normaniam
anno gratie 806°.
VIII
C
VI
This Rollo the Dane entered Normandy in the year of grace 806.
Annotation number: CRC095
Wall's reference number: 70
Edwardus iste, filios habens et filias nobiles, dictus
Senior, fundavit monastrium Wyntonie. Constuxit
etiam Herford et Wykam in Estsex, et multas alias
civitates et burges. Devicit que Dacos in 4 bellis,
vir justus et prudens, mortuus et sepultus [est] Wynt‘.
This Edward, called the Elder, having sons and noble daughters founded the monastery of Winchester. He also built Hereford and Wiltham in Essex, and many other cities and towns. He defeated the Danes in 4 wars, a just and prudent man, and died and is buried at Winchester.
Annotation number: CRC096
Wall's reference number: 71
Athelstanus cum regnasset 14 annis et Dacos, Hilmenses [sic],
Wallenses, Nothos et Normannos qui tunc
dicti sunt Daci, in tribus bellis vicisset. Dignitate,
potentia ac divitiis patre suo gloriosior, viam carnis
ingressus sepultus est.
Æthelstan, when he had reigned 14 years and had defeated in three battles the Danes, Irish, Welsh, mixed-races, and the Normans then called Danes, being more glorious than his father in dignity, power and wealth, went the way of flesh and was buried.
Annotation number: CRC097
Wall's reference number: 72
Edmundus iste Dacos, Normann‘ et omnes degerenes [sic]
et alieneginas devicit et extirpavit suscepit
etiam de sacro fonte Anlaf et Reginaldum, duces
Dacorum. Et postea ipsos a regno suo expulit et ab
eis abstulit 5 urbes, scilicet: Lyncoln‘, Leycestr‘, Notyngam
et Derby et fuit sepultus apud
Glastinbery [sic] .
This Edmund conquered and rooted out the Danes, the Normans and all degenerates and alien races, and also received Amlaíb and Reginald, leaders of the Danes, from the sacred fountain. And afterwards he expelled these from his kingdom and took from them 5 cities, namely Lincoln, Leicester, Nottingham, and Derby, and was buried at Glastonbury.
Annotation number: CRC098
Wall's reference number: 73
Edredus iste fratre successit et cum regnasset
10 annis et dimidio obdormivit in Domino
subjugata sibi Scotia, de cuius bonitate beatus
Dunstanus testimonum prohibet, et fuit sepultus
Wyntonie.
This Eadred succeeded his brother and when he had reigned 10 and a half years he fell asleep in the Lord, having subjugated Scotland to himself, and concerning his goodness the blessed Dunstan gives testimony, and he was buried at Winchester.
Annotation number: CRC099
Wall's reference number: 74
Iste Edwyn, regis Edmundi filius,
5 annis regnans, petulans et maliciosus.
Atque in bellis fuit, amicos regni
oppressit inimicos exaltavit ecclesiam
sanctam libertatibus suis et possessionibus
spoliavit. Unde tempore suo regnum totum
viluit in omnibus nationibus cumulavit
sibi thesaurum de rapina, famam suam mutilando
et sepultus Wyntonie.
This Edwyn, son of king Edmund, reigning 5 years, was insolent and roguish in war, and he oppressed friends of the kingdom and exalted its enemies, and stripped the sacred church of its liberties and possessions. From this, in his time the whole kingdom became worthless in [the eyes of] all nations, and he amassed treasure for himself by robbery and diminished his fame, and was buried at Winchester.
Annotation number: CRC100
Wall's reference number: 75
Edgardus, dictus pacificus eo quo in pace et inviolabili
justitia regnum feliciter, gubernavit quod
nullus ante ipsum fecit. Iste omnia divisa
regna compaginavit. Fundavit enim Abbathas
de Glaston‘, de Abyndon, de Burgo, de Torneye
et de Rammyseye'. Cuius anno 5 Edelwaldus
episcopus Wynton, ejectus canonicis a veteri
monasterio quod Abbathia de Hyda nuncupatur
monachos instituit. Cuius tempore, nunquam exercitus
advenarum venit in Angliam, et cum regnasset
in pace 16 annis, migravit ad Dominium sepultus
apud Glaston‘.
Edgar was called the Peaceful for the reason that he governed the kingdom in peace and with inviolate justice happily, which no one did before him. He joined together all the divided kingdoms. Indeed he founded the abbeys of Glastonbury, Abingdon, Peterborough, Thorney, and Ramsey. In the fifth year of his reign Æthelwold bishop of Winchester ejected the canons from the old monastery which is called Hyde Abbey and established monks. In his time no armies of foreigners came to England, and when he had reigned in peace for 16 years, he went to the Lord and was buried at Glastonbury.
Annotation number: CRC101
Wall's reference number: 76
Edwardus iste martir [sic], innocens et sanctus,
patri successit. Hic cum a venatu quadam
die redisset, et sitiret, porrecto cipho a noverca
sua secreto in thalamo dum avide biberet
mulier cum cultello perfodit, et sic proditiose
occiditur et apud Scheftisbery sepelitur. Cuius
tempore floruit beatus Dunstanus unde
quia dignior est conditio martirum quam confessorum
iste processit Sanctum Edwardum virginem et
confessorem.
This Edward the Martyr, innocent and holy, succeeded his father. When he returned from hunting on a certain day and was thirsty, a cup was offered by his stepmother secretly in a bedchamber, and while he was eagerly drinking a woman stabbed him with a dagger, and thus he was killed by treachery and buried at Shaftesbury. In his time flourished the blessed Dunstan. From this, because the condition of martyrs is more worthy than that of confessors, he precedes St Edward, virgin and confessor.
Annotation number: CRC102
Wall's reference number: 77
Alredus [sic] iste fratri successit. Hic genuit filios
ex Angligenia, filia comitis Toreti: Edmundum
Yrynsyde ex Emma Normanica, Alfredum
quem Godwynus postea interfecit exocculatum
in insula Eliensi et secundum Edwardum. Iste vero
Adelred multum a Dacis infestatus soluit primus
Dacis a populo suo censum qui vocatur Danegelde
de qualibet hida terra 2 solidas quatinus a
rapinis et cede cessarent, viz 10000 marcas.
Et hoc malum ad huc durat quoniam, regibus modernis
ex consuetudine solvitur quod tunc Dacis solvebatur
ineffabili terrore. Cuius tempore Sweyn et Anlaf,
reges Dacorum, impetierunt London‘ 114 puppibus
CXIIII

in nativitate beate Marie. Et inde confusi
recesserunt protegente ipsos Virgine Maria anno
gratie 1002, Adelred cepit Emmam, filiam Rici‘
M et II

ducis Normann‘, in uxorem perquod in superbiam elatus
claudestina proditione per episulas in unamquamque urbem
missas, omnes Dacos qui in pace erant in
Anglia, die Sancti Bricii, scilicet, una die una hora
vel ferro vel incendio mactari proditiose ordinavit.
Ob quam proditionem vindicandam anno 1006°
M et VI
,
Sweyn rex Dacorum, venit apud Sandwych cum
magna classe, quem tria comitibantur predatio combustio
et occisio quocumque hospitabatur recedendo
hospiti cede hospito flammam reddebat.
Rex Adelred fecit parari contra Dacos 10310
X
M et
CCCX

hidis navem, unam et ex 8 hidis loricam et galeam.
Hida enim vocatur cultura unius aratri
per annum. Sed prius dicto Sweyn donaverat 30000
XXX
M et [sic]

libras sed nihil profuit. Postea vero otiose [sic]
Elphege Cant‘ archiepiscopo dedit 8 milia libras
sed nichil profuit. Sweyn vero fugato, Adelred
pro rege per totam Angliam habebatur. Quo
subita morte pereunte defuncto electus est
Knutus filius eius in regem. Edelred
vero London‘ in merore decessit.
This Æthelred succeeded his brother. He begat sons from an Englishborn daughter of Earl Thored: Edmund Ironside by Emma the Norman, Alfred whom Godwin later killed, having blinded him on the Isle of Ely, and lastly Edward. This Æthelred, truly much harassed by the Danes, first paid to them from his people the tax which is called Danegeld, which was two solidi from each hide of land, in order that they might cease from pillage and murder, [that is] 10,000 marks. And this evil endures to this time, because it is paid out of custom to modern kings, which was then paid to the Danes from indescribable terror. In his time Sweyn and Anlaf, kings of the Danes, attacked London with 114 ships at the Nativity of the Blessed Mary. And from there they withdrew in disorder, [the city] being protected by the Virgin Mary, in the year of grace 1002. Æthelred took Emma, daughter of Richard duke of Normandy, into marriage, because of which, raised by pride, having sent letters by treason in secret to every single city, he [Æthelred] ordered that all the Danes who were in peace in England be treacherously slaughtered by sword or fire on the day of St Bricius, at the same hour on the same day. On account of this treachery, needing to avenge it, in the year 1006 Sweyn, king of the Danes came to Sandwich with a great fleet, and he was accompanied by three things: plunder, fire and murder, and wherever he was hosted he paid back to the retiring host by murder and flame to the houses. King Æthelred had one ship prepared against the Danes for every 10,310 hides, and a coat of mail and helmet for every 8 hides. For the cultivated land of one plough per year is called a hide. But first he had given to the aforementioned Sweyn 30,000 pounds, but gained nothing. Truly, after Alphege the archbishop of Canterbury was killed, he gave 8000 pounds but gained nothing. Truly after Æthelred was put to flight, Sweyn was held as king through the whole of England. After he died a sudden death, his son Cnut was elected king. And truly Æthelred died in sorrow in London.
Annotation number: CRC103
Wall's reference number: 78
Iste Robertus extinxit fratrem suum Ricardum
veneno.
This Robert killed his brother Richard with poison.
Annotation number: CRC135
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
CC[...]
CC[...]
Annotation number: CRC104
Wall's reference number: 79
Edmundus iste, propter invincibilem sui constantiam et
duritiam, dictis est Irynsied, qui patri succedens. Cum sexies [sic]
pugnasset cum Knuto et vicisset tandem in singulari
duello concordati sunt ut quicumque alternum superviveret monarchiam
regni optineret quo in brevi in quadam domo secretaria
Glaudiocestr‘ proditiose perempto. Knutus in pace monarcham
XX

regni optinuit 20 annis Edmundo cum Edgaro avo
suo apud Glastoniam sepulto.
This Edmund, because of his invincible steadiness and hardness, is called Ironside, and he succeeded his father. When he had attacked Cnut six times and finally defeated him in single combat, they agreed that whoever outlived the other would hold the monarchy of the kingdom, but within a short time he was treacherously killed in a certain secret house in Gloucester. Cnut held the monarchy of the kingdom for 20 years and Edmund was buried with his grandfather Edgar at Glastonbury.
Annotation number: CRC105
Wall's reference number: 80
Hic Knutus, vir justus et potens, rex fuit Dacie, Norwagie,
Scotie et demum Angliam sibi subjugavit, qui in regem
Anglie confirmatus, cepit 83 milia liborum ab insularis.
Ducans Emmam, uxorem Adelred in uxorem de qua genuit
Hardeknutum, qui postea Romam pergens censum qui dicitur
Romescot Pape assignavit. Hic specialis amator fuit
Sancti Edmundi regis unde cenobium suum restaurans abbatem
et conventum monarchorum secundum ordinem Sancti Benedicti, unam
abbathiam in Norwagia, et una in Anglia, et utramque
vocari praecepit domum Sancti Benedicti de Ulino. Hic
eruderavit viam in marisco, et cum optimas leges condens
regnasset post Edmunum 20 annis, mortuus iacet sepultus
in Abbathia Wynton‘. Quo incipiente regnare
defecit ad horam Domino offenso egregius sanguis
illustrium antiquorum regnum Anglie. Et trucatus
fuit stipes usque ad tempus Henrici 2’, filii imperatricis,
secundus prophetiam quam Sanctus Edwardus sibi divinitus
revelatam celitus edidit dum ageret in extremis
sicut in vita sua manifeste continetur et est prophetia
ista:
This Cnut, a just and powerful man, was king of the Danes, Norwegians, Scots, and finally subjugated England to himself, and having been confirmed as king of England took 83,000 pounds from the islanders. Leading Emma wife of Æthelred into marriage he begat by her Harthacnut, who later coming to Rome distributed to the Pope the tax which is called Romescot. This man was a particular lover of St Edmund the king, restoring his monastery and a second convent of monks of the Order of St Benedict, one abbey in Norway and one in England, and ordered both to be called the House of St Benedict of Ulino. He cleared the road in the marsh, and when he had reigned for 20 years after Edmund, after composing the best laws, he died and lies buried in the abbey of Winchester. From the beginning of his reign, at this hour, the distinguished blood of the illustrious ancient kings of England failed, God being offended. And the trunk was cut off until the time of Henry II, son of the Empress, according to a prophecy that St Edward declared had been divinely revealed to him from heaven while he was in [his last moments], as is preserved clearly in his vita, and this is the prophecy:
Annotation number: CRC106
Wall's reference number: 80a
Arbor quelibus viridis a suo truncco [sic] decisa cum ad trium
iugerum spatium a radice separetur, que cum nulla mami
hominis cogente, nulla urgente necessitate ad suum reversa
trunccum [sic], in antiquam radicem sese receperit. Resumpto que succo
rursum refloruerit et fructum fecerit tunc sperandum est aliquid
de turbulatione [sic] remedium. Hanc tum parabolam cum spiritu alacriori,
rex quasi a portis mortis revocatus, dixisset,
inclinato humiliter capite valedicens saeculo expiravit.
Arbor hec Anglorum regnum gloriam foliorum fructum fecundissimum
significat. Radix autem de qua totus honor
processit iste. Regia stripus est, que ab Alfredo primo prothomonarchia
inuncto et coronato recta successionis
linea, usque ad Sanctum Edwardum propagata et dirivata
est. Abiscisa est arbor a trunco suo quum regnum
Anglie a genere regali divisum ad aliud semen est
translatum. Ad trium iugernum spatium facta est seperatio quamvis
trium temporibus regnum nulla fuit nova cum antiquo
semine regali conjuncto vel communio. Haraldus enim
successit Edwardo, et Willm’ Haraldo et Willm’ junior
patri Willm’. Accessit ad radicem abor quum glorisus
rex Henricus, in quem totum regni decus transfusum
est nulla spe lucri urgente, sed ex infuso ei a mortis
affcum [sic] ad neptem Edwardi, Matildam duxit in uxorem,
semen regnum Normann’ et Anglorum conjungens de duobus
unum faciens, affecit fructum quum de ipsam noster Henricus
natus quasi lapis sanctus est angularis.
A green tree was cut off from its trunk and separated from its root to a distance of three acres, and with no hand of man compelling it and no urgent necessity it turned back to its trunk and took back its old root. Having recovered its sap, in return it flourished again and bore fruit when another remedy could [not] be hoped for from its disturbance. When he had told this parable, with a more cheerful spirit the king, as if revived from the gates of death, having humbly inclined his head saying goodbye to the world, died. This tree signifies the kingdom of England, its glorious leaves and most abundant fruit. But the root from which the entire dignity proceeds is this royal trunk, which, anointed and crowned in a straight line of succession from Alfred the first protomonarch until St Edward, was extended and drawn out. The tree was cut off from its trunk when the kingdom of England, divided from its royal race, was transferred to another seed. The separation to the space of three acres was made when, for the times of three kings, there was no new connection or association with the old royal seed. For Harold succeeded Edward, and William Harold, and William the Younger his father William. The tree was added to its root when glorious King Henry, into whom all the glory of the kingdom was transfused, urged by no hope of profit from an affection poured out to him by the dead towards the niece of Edward, led Matilda into marriage, joining the royal seed of the Normans and the English, making one from two, and bore fruit when our Henry, when he was born, was consecrated like a cornerstone.
Annotation number: CRC107
Wall's reference number: 81
Haraldus iste propter sui agilitatem dictus
Herforth ex concubina filia comitis Alselmi
natus electus est in regem proditione comitis
Godwyni hic cum quartor annis regnasset
obiit mortuus.
This Harold, called Harefoot because of his agility, born of a concubine, daughter of Count Anselm was elected king by the treachery of Earl Godwin , and when he had reigned for four years he died.
Annotation number: CRC108
Wall's reference number: 82
Hardeknutus miles strenuus agilis et velox
frater Edwardi ex Emma, tante legitur
fuisse dapsilitatis ut quartor vicibus in die
prandium curie sue faceret apponi. Fratri successit
qui primo anno cepit de Anglia nomine
census. XXXII milia libarum qui cum regnasset
anno et dimidio mortuus est et sepultus
Wynton‘. Iuxta Knutum patrem suum quo mortuo
perscisuus est stipes regalis successius
Danorum.
Harthacnut, a strong, agile and swift warrior, brother of Edward by Emma, was said to be so richly provided for that he had meals served four times a day in his court. He succeeded his brother and in his first year he took from England by name a tax of 32,000 pounds, and when he had reigned for a year and a half he died and was buried at Winchester, near Cnut his father, and from his death the royal trunk of the Danes was cut off from more succession.
Annotation number: CRC109
Wall's reference number: 83
Edwardus iste sanctus et virgo et confessor
in enim permanens ab angelis vocatus, in
regem eligitur et consecratur Wyntonie, die Pasche,
ducens in uxorem Godwinam filiam comitis
Godwini cuius regni anno 12° apud Wyndesor
strangulatus est Gowinus proditionis
sue jugulatore quodam panis frustulo in prandio.
Et anno eius 13° combusta est Herforde
XIII
a
Wallenses cum ecclesia sancta Ethelberti. Anno
eiusdem 22° Haraldus filius comitis Godwini
XXII

subdidit sibi Walliam, et eodem anno Wallenses
occiderunt Gruffrinum principem suum et capud
eius Haraldo detulerunt. Anno eiusdem
26, et anno gratie 1066° dedicatum est monasterium
XXVI M et [LXVI]

Sancti Petri Westm‘ quod, ipsem fundaverat ubi iacet
translatus relicto regno Williu‘ duci Normanorum
dicto Notho.
This Edward, called saint, virgin and confessor forever by the angels, was chosen as king and consecrated at Winchester on the day of Easter, leading into marriage Godwina daughter of Earl Godwin. In the twelfth year of his reign, Godwin was strangled at Windsor by treason, his killer some morsel of bread [he ate] at lunch. And in his thirteenth year Hereford was burnt by the Welsh with the church of St Æthelbert. And in the twenty-second year of that same, Harold son of Earl Godwin subdued Wales to himself, and in the same year the Welsh killed Gruffninus their prince and delivered his head to Harold. In the twenty-sixth year of that reign and in the year of grace 1066 the monastery of St Peter at Westminster was dedicated, which he founded, where he lies, transferred, having left the kingdom to William duke of Normandy, called the Bastard.
Annotation number: CRC110
Wall's reference number: 84
Haraldus dictus et existens proditor et periurus filius
comitis Godwini, thesauri raptor et cumulator
diadema invadens se ipsum coronavit sine assensu prelatorum
et magnatum excepto solo patre suo Godwyno.
Unde Domino ultore contra regem Willius’ in bello occibuit
proditionis sue reportans mercedem et sepultus apud
Waltam. Et ubi prolium erat Willius’ iste conquestor
fundavit Abbathiam dicans ye Abbay of ye Batayllye Abbay of ye Batayllye Abbay of ye Batayll.
Harold, so called and proving to be a traitor and a liar, son of Earl Godwin, robber and accumulator of treasure, taking possession of the crown he crowned himself without the agreement of the prelates and the great men, with the only exception his father Godwin. As a result of this, the Lord being an avenger, he died in battle against King William, gaining a repayment for his treachery, and is buried at Waltham. And where the battle was, this William the Conqueror founded an abbey called the abbey of the Battle.
Annotation number: CRC111
Wall's reference number: 85
Willmus iste, dictus Nothus, post inquisitionem
Anglie cum regnare cepisset, ablata ex memoria
Danorum et concessit insulanis suas antiquas
leges, quas Sancti Edwardi esse dicebant.
Coronatus Londoniis apud Westm‘. Cuius anno
3° fugavit Sweyn regem Dacorum invadentem
Humbriam cum 300
10
puppibus. Anno eius 5 sub
CCC

jugavit sibi Scotiam, et anno eius 15 subjugavit
XV

scilicet Walliam, et eodem anno, cepit ab unaquaque
hida terre
VI
6° scilicet. Anno eius 18°, fecit inquiri
XVIII

suamquamque schiram Anglis quot hide vel iugera
sufficerent uni aratro per annum, et quot animalia, quid
unaquamque urbs, castrum, vicus, villa, fluvius, palus, silva,
reddent per annum et in thesauro reponi
quod dictum Domysdey. Ita quod una sola hida non
esset de qua nesciret cuius esset et quid valeret.
Construxit abbatibus [sic] de Bello,
et moriens, Roberto dicto Curta ocrea
dimisit Normaniam, Willm’ 2° filio,
dicto Rufo, regnum Anglie, et Henricum clerico
tertio filio thesaurum suum, et mortuus est
sepultus que apud Kaam in Normania
in monasterio quod ipse fundaverat.
When this William, called the Bastard, began his reign after the conquest of England, he wiped away the memory of the Danes and confirmed to the islanders their old laws, which were said to be of St Edward. He [William] was crowned in London at Westminster. In the third year of his reign he put to flight Sweyn king of the Danes, invading with 300 ships. In his fifth year he subjugated Scotland to himself and in his fifteenth year he surely subjugated Wales, and in the same year he took from every single hide of land 6 solidi. In his eighteenth year he ordered an enquiry in every shire of England [into] how many hides or acres were sufficient for one plough per year, and how many animals, and [what] each city, castle, village, estate, river, swamp and forest would pay back each year, and put it in a repository which is called Domesday. Thus there was not any one single hide about which was not known to him, or what it was worth. He built Battle Abbey, and when dying he gave up Normandy to Robert, called Curthose, to William his second son, called Rufus, the kingdom of England, and to Henry the cleric his third son, his treasury, and he died and is buried at Caen in Normandy in a monastery which he founded.
Annotation number: CRC112
Wall's reference number: 86
Willelmus Rufus in regem Anglie coronatus consruxit Turrim
London‘ et magnam aulam Westm‘ cuius anno 2°, factus est
terre motus et peregrinatio Jerosolimitana apparente signo crucis
in vestibus hominis tirannus deo exosus suis nequam sibi neque
or suos oppressit alieneginis mendax. Cum regnasset 13 annis
demum vitam suam crudelem misero sine percussa cum sagitta
in nova foresta terminavit anno gratie 1100 kalendas Augusti
M et C

et sepultus est Wynton‘.
William Rufus, crowned as king of England, built the Tower of London and the great hall of Westminster in his second year, and there occurred an earthquake and, with the sign of the cross appearing on pilgrimage to Jerusalem in the clothes of a man, the tyrant hateful to God, vile to his people and more so to himself, oppressed his own and was deceitful to foreign races. When he had reigned 13 years his cruel life was finally terminated by a miserable end, pierced with an arrow in the New Forest in the year of grace 1100 on the first of August, and he was buried in Winchester.
Annotation number: CRC113
Wall's reference number: 87
Henricus Primus ac rex Anglie cum Roberto fratre suo primo
anno pacificatus, dedit ei singulis annis tria milia marcra.
Et tenuit regnum in pace cum esset junior fratre ducens in
uxorem Matildam, filiam Magarete regnie Scotie ab neptem [sic]
Sancti Edwardi. Cuius regni anno secundo, exulavit Robertum debilem,
comitem Salopie, et eodem anno archepiscopus Cantuar‘ prohibuit in
suo consilio London‘ uxores sacerdotum ante non prohibitas.
Quinto autem anno regni sui cepit in bello Robertum
Curthose
, ducem Normanie, apud Tener thebri [sic], et misit
eum in carcerem perpetuum, qui mortuus sepultus est apud
Gloucestr‘, quo anno vise sunt due lune in firmamento.
Dedit enim Dominus isti Henrico sapientiam, victoriam, et divitias
quibus antecessores suos precessit, dedit enim filiam Matildam
Henrico imperatori. Et cepit ab unaquaque hida terre
III solidos, edificavit que Wyndesoram et exulavit Phm’ de
Bruus, Willm‘ Malet, Willm‘ Baynarde. Anno 11° cepit
Robm‘ debilem in Normania et misit in carcerem Westm‘.
Iste anno primo orta est dissentio inter Radulphum, archiepiscopum
Cantuar’, et Trustium, archiepiscopum Eborum, eo quod more subici
nolebat archiepiscopo Cantuar’. Anno cuius XX° in redeundo
de Normania submersi sunt Robertus et Willms‘ filii et filia.
Anno eius XXIX° sanctus est Henricus primus episcopus de Hely, 1[108]
anno gratie. Idem rex cum regnasset in gloria XXXV annis
mortuus est et sepultus in Abbathia de Redyng quam
ipse fundaverat.
Henry I, king of England, having made peace with Robert, his brother, in his first year, gave to him each year three thousand marks since he was the younger brother, and held the kingdom in peace, leading into marriage Matilda daughter of Margaret, queen of Scotland, [descended] from the niece of St Edward. In the second year of his reign he exiled Robert de Bellême, earl of Shrewsbury, and in the same year the Archbishop of Canterbury prohibited priests from marrying, not prohibited beforehand, in his council in London. But in the fifth year of his reign he seized Robert Curthose, duke of Normandy, in battle, at Tinchebray, and sent him to perpetual imprisonment, and he died and was buried at Gloucester, in which year were seen two moons in the sky. For the Lord gave to Henry wisdom, victory, and riches by which he surpassed his predecessors, for he gave his daughter Matilda to the Emperor Henry. And he took from each hide of land 3 solidi and built Windsor, and banished Philip de Brus, William Malet, and William Baynard. In his eleventh year he captured Robert de Bellême in Normandy and sent him to the prison of Westminster. In this year first rose dissent between Ralph d'Escures, archbishop of Canterbury, and Thurstan, archbishop of York, because he [Thurstan] was unwilling to be subject to the archbishop of Canterbury [as was the] custom. In [Henry's] twentieth year, in returning from Normandy, his sons Robert and William and a daughter were drowned. In the twenty-ninth year of his reign Henry, first bishop of Ely, was consecrated in the year of grace 1[108]. That same king when he had reigned in glory 35 years died and was buried in the abbey of Reading, which he himself founded.
Annotation number: CRC114
Wall's reference number: 88
Stephanus, miles strenuus, filius comitis
Blezensis, ex Adala filia regis Willmi‘
primo et sorori regis Henrici, quasi inctu [sic]
ocli [sic] regem ab Anglis admissus
contra sacramentum fidelitatis qui filii regis
scilicet Imperatricis fecerant coronatur London‘
die Sanctu Stephani anno Domini 1136°
[M et ]CXXXV[I]
Ubi tunc
vovit clero et populo Anglie primo quod electioni
prelatorum statim consentiret et eisdem
ecclesias suas restitueret. Secundo quod nullus
occasionaret [sic] de propria venatione in propria silva
capta nec de vasto nemoris. Tertio
condonavit Denegyld id duos solidos
de quilibus hida terre sed nihil horum tenuit.
Quarto anno regni sui, extorsit castrum
de Dynyse a Rogero Sarum episcopo et castrum
de Newerk ab Alexandr‘ Lincollien‘ episcopo.
Eodem anno venit Imperatrix in Angliam
et ex tunc crevit dissentio in terra. Sexto
capitur rex Stephanus apud Lincoln‘ a comite
Cestrie et ducitur apud Bristoll ad
Imperatricem et eodem anno liberatur propter
fratrem Imperatricis. Octavo anno, statuit
Legatus Pape, ut propter violentiam manuum
iniectionem in clericum nullus posset absolvere
nisi papa. Iste Stephanus in bello et guerra
continua regnavit omnibus diebus vite
sue, et cum regnasset 19 annis mortuus
XIX

est et sepultus in Abbathia de Faveresham
quam ipse fundaverat.
Stephen, a strong knight, son of the Count of Blois by Adela, daughter of William I and sister of King Henry, as in the blink of an eye, was received as king by the English, against the sacrament of fidelity which they had sworn to the son of the king and the Empress, and was crowned in London on the day of St Stephen in the year of the Lord 1136. From there he then vowed to the clergy and people of England, first that he would agree at once to the election of the prelates and restore to them their churches; secondly, that no one should be harassed on false pretences concerning their own game, taken in their own forest, and nor would he ravage the forest; thirdly, that he would yield the Danegeld which is two solidi from each hide of land, but he kept none of these [promises]. In the fourth year of his reign he extorted Devizes Castle from Roger, bishop of Salisbury and Newark Castle from Alexander, bishop of Lincoln. In the same year the Empress came to England and from then dissent increased in the land. In his sixth year King Stephen was captured by the Earl of Chester and led to the Empress at Bristol and in the same year he was freed [in exchange] for the brother of the Empress. In his eighth year the papal legate decreed that no one was able to be absolved from the violent striking of a cleric unless by the pope. This Stephen reigned in continual war and feuding all the days of his life, and when he had reigned 19 years he died and was buried in the abbey of Faversham, which he himself founded.
Annotation number: CRC115
Wall's reference number: 89
Henricus, secundus filius Matilde Imperatricis et Galfrid‘ Plantagenest‘
com Andeg, successit in regnum Anglie. Regnavit prospere in magna
XXIIII
gloria, copiosa prole ditatus, 24 annis, mensibus 7, diebus 5. Hic dum
discordia duraret inter ipsum et Thomam archiepiscopum Cantuar‘ fecit
coronari filium suum Henricum iuniorem contra libertatem ecclesie Cantuar‘
invito beato Tho‘ dicto archiepiscopo qui et obiit martirizatus. Unde
domino irato in cuius manu corda sunt regnum in flore iuventis
sue ante patrem suum obiit under licet coronatus a Rogero,
Eborum archiepiscopo, injuriose tum non annumeratur in ordine regum
vacat que a stipites genalogie, nec Willms‘ nec alii qui in mari
miserabiliter perierunt.
Henry, the second son of Matilda the Empress and Geoffrey Plantagenet, count of Anjou succeeded to the kingdom of England. He reigned prosperously in great glory, enriched by many offspring, for 24 years, 7 months, and 5 days. He maintained discord between himself and Thomas, the archbishop of Canterbury; he had his son Henry crowned against the freedom of the church of Canterbury, the aforementioned blessed Thomas the archbishop, who died a martyr, being unwilling. From this the Lord, in whose hand are the hearts of kings, was angered, and he [Henry the Younger] died in the flower of youth before his father. From this, although he was crowned by Roger, the archbishop of York, wrongfully, he is not counted in the line of kings and is absent from the genealogical tree, nor is William [counted] nor the others who died miserably in the sea.
Annotation number: CRC116
Wall's reference number: 90
Ricardus iste successit patri, Terram Sanctam simul cum Philippo rege
rege Francorum cum magna pompa adiit, sed ingloriosus rediit. Captus
enim fuit a duce Austrie, quem in Terra Sancta offenderat, et quia bellipotens
extitit, graviter redemptus est. Unde qui inde ait,
Christe, tui calicis praedo fit praeda calucis
Ere brevi reicis qui tulit era crucis
Iste tandem obiit in Normannia spiculatus cum novem annis, et dimidio regnasset
et sepultus est apud Ponterevardard VII kalendis Aprilis anno Domini 1099°.
MXCIX
This Richard succeeded his father and went to the Holy Land together with Philip king of the Franks with great pomp, but returned inglorious. For he was captured by the Duke of Austria, whom he had offended in the Holy Land, and because he was valiant in war he was ransomed at heavy expense, and from this it is therefore said:
"Christ, the plunderer of your chalice becomes the prey of Chalus
With a little metal you throw back he who carried off money of the cross."
Finally this man died in Normandy, having been stabbed when he had reigned nine and a half years, and he is buried at Fontevraud, on 26 March in the year of the Lord 1099.
Annotation number: CRC117
Wall's reference number: 91
Iste Joh‘s, ex dono patris sui dominis Hybernie, mortuo Arthuro, filio Galfrid‘
comitis Britannie, successit Ricardo, fratri suo, ducens in uxorem Isabellam, filiam comitis
Engolismi aliam presumptam repudiando. Huius igitur tempore, passa est Anglia
multas et diversas tribulationes, tributum novum et insolitum interdictum et
guerram fere septemnalem ecclesie dampna irrestaurabilia in explicabiles
oppressiones popules. Et ille idem rex a ducatu Norm‘ abiudicatus
sententialiter in curia Francie in quo discrimine multiformi cum summa
mentis amaritudine, afflictam animam, apud Newark postquam regnaverat
XVII
annis 17, mensibus 5, diebus 4 exalavit [sic] spiritum sepultus est in monasterio
Wigornie, relinquens filium suum Henricum, heredem legitimum, in regem loco
suo coronandum.
This John, lord of Ireland from the gift of his father, with Arthur, son of Geoffrey, count of Brittany, having died, succeeded Richard his brother, leading into marriage Isabella daughter of the count of Angoulême, rejecting the other wife he had taken earlier. Therefore in his time England suffered many diverse troubles: a new tribute, unprecedented interdict and war for nearly seven years, the unrestorable losses of the church, and inexplicable oppressions of the people. And this same king was deprived of the duchy of Normandy by judicial verdict in the French court, and in this multiformed danger, with the greatest bitterness of mind, his spirit afflicted, he breathed his last at Newark after he had reigned 17 years, 5 months and 4 days and was buried in the monastery of Worcester, leaving his son Henry, his lawful heir, to be crowned king in his place.
Annotation number: CRC118
Wall's reference number: 93
Iste Edmundus filius Henrici tertii erat primus
comes Loncastrie, qui erat Edwardi primi frater ac
idem genuit Thomam comitem Loncastrie post quem
Henricus comes Loncastrie et post quem alius
Henricus comes Loncastrie et postea erat
dux qui autem genuit Blanchiam heredem
Loncastrie que etiam desponsata erat Johanni
de le Gaunte.
This Edmund, son of Henry III, was the first earl of Lancaster, who was the brother of Edward I, and the same [Edmund] begat Thomas, earl of Lancaster, and after him Henry, earl of Lancaster, and after him another Henry, earl of Lancaster, later duke, who begat Blanche, heir of Lancaster, who was betrothed to John of Gaunt.
Annotation number: CRC119
Wall's reference number: 92
Henricus 3
us
Johanni patri suo successit primus a Gwalone legato puer
coronatus et postea ab archiepiscopo Cantaur‘ Stephano quo coronato et in regem inuncto'
et acclamato pro maiori parte tempestas Anglie mitigata est. Hic quoque rex
Domino in cuius manu corda sunt regum a iuventute multis annis feliciter regnavit
patris vestigia non sequendo unde paternis delictis non puniendum donec alienignarum
fallaciis irrititus adeo cepit indigere ut aliena rapere cogeretur nec
Wallensium impetitus poterat propulsare. Tempore cuius, fuit Proelium de
Lewes anno Domini M CC XL et sequenti anno proximo Bellum de Evesham.
Et mortuus est anno Domini M CC LX XII°.
Henry III succeeded his father John, having first been crowned as a boy by Guala the legate, and later by Stephen, the archbishop of Canterbury, and with him crowned, anointed as king and acclaimed by the majority, the misfortune of England was alleviated. This king also reigned happily from his youth for many years by the Lord, in whose hands are the hearts of kings, not following in the footsteps of his father, and from this he was not to be punished for the sins of his father, until having been provoked by the deceits of foreigners, he began to be in such need that he was compelled to rob others' property, and nor was he able to ward off the attack of the Welsh. In his time was the Battle of Lewes in the year of the Lord 1240, and following in the next year the Battle of Evesham. And he died in the year of the Lord 1272.
Annotation number: CRC120
Wall's reference number: 95
Philippus, filius Sancti Lodowici, genuit Philippum dictum pulcrum, et Karolum de
Valoys. Cui Philippo, filio Sancti Lodowici, successet in regno Francie, dictis Philippus pulcher,
qui relictis tribus filiis et una filia, domina Isabella regina Anglie, que,
vivente patre suo, peperit dominum Edwardum tertium decessit. Cui successit Lodowicus
eius primogenitus, qui vivente patre suo de prima uxore, sua filia ducis Burgundie
suscitavit unam filiam, de qua ipse vivente nulla proles fuit suscitata. De
2
a
uxore sua, filia regis Hungarie, suscitavit filium Johannnem postumum, qui dum
per paucos vixit dies habetur [sic] pro rege cui Johanni successit Philippus secundus genitus
Philippi pulcri qui de uxore sua suscitavit duas filias quarum una desponsata
erat comiti Flandrie altera Dolphino de Viennis. Sed de ipsius eo vivente
nulla proles fuit suscitata mortuo dicto Phillipo sine herede masculo successit
Karolus ultimo genitus dicti Philippi pulcri
quo regnante
factum erat
statuntum [sic] quod
femina in
regno Francie
non succederet,
sed masclus tamen
sicut etiam prius
de consuetudine
erat obtentum
ut ipsi Franci
pretendunt.
Idem Karolus,
sine herede
masclo, obiit
cui successit
de facto licet
non de iure
Philippus filius
Karoli de Valoys
et occupavit
regnum
Francie, ubi dominus
Edwardus
debuisset succedere
ex
linea descendente
dicti
Philippi pulcri.
Philip, son of Saint Louis, begat Philip, called the Fair, and Charles of Valois. Philip called the Fair succeeded Philip, son of Saint Louis, in the kingdom of France. [He] left behind three sons and a daughter, the Lady Isabella, queen of England who, while her father was living, gave birth to the lord Edward III. He [Philip] died and Louis his firstborn succeeded him, who, when his father was alive, raised a daughter by his first wife, the daughter of the duke of Burgundy, from whom while he [Louis] was alive no offspring were born. By his second wife, daughter of the king of Hungary. [Louis begat] a son, John, posthumously, who during the few days he lived was held as king, and after John, Philip the secondborn of Philip the Fair succeeded, who by his wife raised two daughters, of whom one was betrothed to the Count of Flanders and the other to the Dauphin of Vienne. But by them no offspring were born while he lived, and the aforementioned Philip, having died without a male heir, was succeeded by Charles the lastborn of the aforementioned Philip the Fair, who, while he reigned, made a statute that a woman could not succeed to the kingdom of France, but [only] a male, just as was maintained earlier by custom, as the French themselves allege. The same Charles died without a male heir and to him succeeded, by deed but not by law, Philip, son of Charles of Valois, and [he] seized the kingdom of France,when the lord Edward ought to have succeeded, descending from the line of the aforementioned Philip the Fair.
Annotation number: CRC121
Wall's reference number: 94
Secundo anno Edwardi, Lewilinus, princeps
Wallie, ad parliamentum regis in Anglia
venire noluerat. Rex adiit Walliam
castrum defluit [sic] de novo fundavit castrum de Rocheland firmavit, ubi Lewilinus
subdidit se regi. Dando pro transgressione
L M
L
libras et pro insula de Angleseya
M
L
marcra per annum, sed paulo post
perfidus David surrexit contra regem
et in Dominica Palmarum multa mala Angligenis
intulit. Adveniens tandem
rex Edwardus circa festum Sancti Johannes Walliam
subjugavit. Villas et terras que erant
in meditullio Wallie suis proceribus
distribuit, sed castra maritima sibi retinuit,
ex quo facto tranquilitas magna
sequenti tempore provenit Wallensibus.
Post hec circa festum Lucie capud Lewilini amputatum
est a Wallensibus et regi allatum Londoniis.
Cito post captus est David, fratre eius, totius mali
inceptor qui in parliamento apud Salopie dampnatus,
primo equis distractus, 2° suspensus 3°, in quartaria
divisus, et per Anglie loca distributus. [...] EEE [sic] Lewilino
quidam sic scripsit:
Hic iacet Anglorum tortor, tutor venedorum
Princeps Wallorum, Lewilinus, reglamreglamreglam [sic] morum
Gemma Ottenonorum flos regum preteritorum
Forma futurorum, dux, laus, lex, lux populorum
Alius vero scripsit sic:
Hic iacet errorum princeps, et predo virorum
Proditor Anglorum, fax livida, secta, reorum
Numen Wallorum, trux, dux, homicida piorum
Fex Troianorum, strips fallax, causa malorum
Per Sanctus David cuius bene metrificavit
Per sanctos mille mendax fuit Wallicus ille.
Anno secundo Edwardi primi, nocte Sante Magarete descendit tempestas
imbrium tonitrui et fulguris a retro seculis vix audtita concutiens sata
et submergens, ita quod Londoniis modius tertiti [sic] qui prius tres denarios
vendebatur. Ex tunc paulatim usque ad duos solidos excrevit sic que
per XL fere annos, usque ad obitum regis Edwardi secundi caristia bladi
erat itaque quod aliquotiens Londonis modius frumenti ad X solidos venderetur.
Hoc tempore Judei expulsi sunt ab Anglia nec redierunt. Cuius
etiam Edwardi primi tempore, quidam Madocus Wallensis suscitavit
guerram in Wallia. Sed rex adveniens circa festam Sancti Nicolay, cepit
insula Anglesyam, edificavit que de novo urbem et castrum de
Bello Marisco. Quo tempore succisa sunt nemora in Wallia
que prestabant indigenis latibula in tempora belli firmavitque
castrum circa loca maritima et cito post captus est Madocus.
Et ab illo tempore quieverunt Wallenses a proliis. Et principatum
Wallie dedit Edwardo secundo filo suo et comiti Cestrie,
ut dicit Policronicon, lib° 7, ca° 40°.
In the second year of Edward, Llewelyn, prince of Wales refused to come to the king's parliament in England. The king attacked Wales, founded Flint Castle from new and strengthened Rhuddlan Castle, where Llewelyn submitted to the king, having to give for his transgressions 50,000 pounds and for the island of Anglesea 1000 marks a year, but shortly afterwards the traitor David rose against the king and on Palm Sunday inflicted much evil against the English. Finally, King Edward, arriving around the feast of St John, subjugated Wales. The estates and lands which were in the middle of Wales he distributed to his nobles, but the coastal castles he kept for himself, from which act great tranquillity came to the Welsh in the time following. After this, around the feast of [St] Lucy, the head of Llewelyn was cut off and brought to the king in London. Soon afterwards David, his brother, was captured, the instigator of the whole misfortune, who was condemned in parliament at Shrewsbury, first torn apart by horses, secondly hanged, thirdly divided into quarters and distributed through the regions of England. Concerning Llewelyn a certain person wrote thus:
"Here lies the tormentor of the English, defender of the Venedi
Prince of the Welsh, Llewelyn, a model of customs
The jewel of the Otteni, the flower of bygone kings
The form of those to come, leader, glory, law, light of the people"
But truly another wrote thus:
"Here lies the prince of errors and the pillager of men
Traitor to the English, spiteful firebrand, sect of criminals,
God of the Welsh, savage leader, murderer of the pious,
Dregs of the Trojans, false to the roots, cause of evils,
By St David, who composed verse well,
By a thousand saints this Welshman was false."
In the second year of Edward I on the night of St Margaret a storm fell of rain, thunder and lightning, hardly heard of from past ages, striking and submerging crops, so that in London a peck of grain which previously was sold for three denarii, shortly after that increased to two solidi; thus for nearly 40 years until the death of King Edward this time of scarcity of grain continued, and thus several times in London a peck of corn was sold for 10 solidi. In this time the Jews were expelled from England and did not return. Also in the time of Edward I, a certain Madocus of the Welsh stirred up war in Wales. But the king, arriving around the feast of St Nicholas, captured the island of Anglesey, and there built a new city and castle of Beaumaris. At this time the forests in Wales were cut down, which [had] supplied the natives with hiding places in times of war, and [Edward] strengthened the castles around coastal places, and shortly afterwards Madocus was captured. And he gave the principality of Wales to Edward II, his son, and the county of Chester, says the Polychronicon Book 7 Chapter 40.
Annotation number: CRC122
Wall's reference number: 96
Anno primo Edwardi tertii, erat magna lues animalium et hominum et
maxima inundatio imbrium estivalium et autumpnalium ex qua provenit
tanti bladi caristia ut quartarium frumenti ad XL solidos venderetur.
In the first year of Edward III, there was a great plague of animals and humans and a great flood of summer and autumn rains, from which came such a scarcity of grain that a quarter of grain was sold for 40 solidi.
Annotation number: CRC123
Wall's reference number: 96a
Petrus, inferus scriptus, verus et indubitatus rex Castellie et Legionum
procreavit duas filias scilicet, Constantiam et Issabellam maritatas
Constantia, prima filia dicti Petri regis Castellie et Legionum, maritata
fuit Johani duci Lancastrie et decessit sine herede de corpore.
Issabella, secunda filia dicti Petrei regis Castellie et Legionum, maritata fuit
Edmundo duci Eboraci, et habuit duos filios, videlicet Edwardum et
Ricardum ut patet inferius linialitur.
Peter, written below, true and indisputable king of Castile and León, begat two daughters, namely Constance and Isabella, both given in marriage: Constance, first daughter of the aforementioned Peter, king of Castile and León, was married to John, duke of Lancaster and died without heir of her body. Isabella, second daughter of the aforementioned Peter, king of Castile and León, was married to Edmund, duke of York, and had two sons, namely Edward and Richard, as can be seen in the line below.
Annotation number: CRC124
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
[Constantia secunda uxor] filia
Petri
regis Hispanie
que deccessit
sine herede de corpore suo.
[Constance the second wife] daughter of Peter king of Spain who died without heir of her body.
Annotation number: CRC125
Wall's reference number: 97
Primo anno Henrici quarti, surrexerunt [sic]
in Wallia quidam Owynuus Glyndore et
acriter infestavit totam Walliam ferro flamma
fere per septennium. Sed tempore Henrici quinti
filii sui ceperunt Wallenses more Anglorum
vivere, Polichonicon, lib° 1°, ca° 38°, thesauros
congregant rerum dampna formidant, ortos
et agros excolunt, ad opida se conferunt loricati
equitant et calciati peditant urbane se reficiunt
sub tapetis dormiunt ut iudicentur Anglici potius
nunc quam Wallici. Huic si queratur ratio quietis
quam solito cur ille vivant hodie, in causa sint
divitie [sic] timor dampni hos retrahit. Nam nil
habens nil metuit. Et ut dicit satiritus cantat
viator vacuus coram
latrone tutior quam phalaratus [sic]
ditior. Hec ille.
In the first year of Henry IV, a certain Owain Glyndŵr rose in Wales and severely disturbed the whole of Wales by sword and flame for nearly seven years. But in the time of his son Henry V, the Welsh began to live by the custom of the English – Polychronicon Book 1 Chapter 38 – they collect treasures; they fear losses of property; they develop gardens and fields; they gather themselves in towns; they ride clothed in mail; they walk with shoes; they comportcomportcomport themselves in a civilised manner; they sleep under coverings, so that they may be declared now more English than Welsh. Thus if a reason is sought why they live [this way] today, other than customary peace, the cause may be wealth; fear of loss restrains them. For one having nothing fears nothing. And so the satirist says: 'the wanting traveller sings in the presence of the robber, safer than the richer man adorned with ornaments.' This he [said].
Annotation number: CRC126
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Lewellinnis princeps Wallis genuit Gladunddny
Llewelyn, prince of Wales begat Glandunddy.
Annotation number: CRC127
Wall's reference number: 98
Iste Henricus de Darbye, filius Johannes de le Gaunte,
incarceravit Ricardum verum regem Anglie et verum heredem
Francie eum que violenter deposuit et semetipium [sic] assumi
et nominari fecit rege Henricum quartum et sic ispe et heredes
sui coronas praedictas usurpaverunt et occupaverunt
iniuste ac male fidei possessores fuerunt
in eiisdem.
This Henry of Darby, son of John of Gaunt, imprisoned Richard the true king of England and true heir of France, violently deposed him, and made himself to be accepted and named King Henry IV, and thus he and his heirs usurped the aforementioned crowns and occupied them, and became possessors in bad faith of the same.
Annotation number: CRC137
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
[Ricardus dux eboraci] substitute est [et comes merchall]
[Richard duke of York] substituted as [earl of March]
Annotation number: CRC128
Wall's reference number: 99
Iste linea, in medio posita blodea [sic] et rubea
injusta seu indirecta est illa [sic] quam Henricus
sextus nominatus et antecessores sui, sciliet,
Hernricus quartus et Henricus quintus, violenter
et injuste super se assumpserunt et occupaverunt
reginem [sic] et coronas Regnorum Anglie et Francie.
This blue and red line, placed in the middle, is unjust or incorrect, because he [who is] named Henry VI and his predecessors Henry IV and Henry V, violently and unjustly took upon themselves, and occupied the kingdom and the crowns of the kings of England and France.
Annotation number: CRC136
Wall omits this passage in his edition.
[Edmundus comes marchie] nu Philippa
[Edmund earl of March] married to Philippa.
Annotation number: CRC129
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Rogerus, filius primogenitus
veri

dicte domine Philippe, fuit regnorum
Anglie et Francie proximus tunc
heres apparens et per totam scilicet Angliam
nationem [sic] proclamatus habitus et
reputatus [sic] et genuit
duos filios et duas fillas ut patet infererius.
This Roger, the true firstborn son of the named Lady Philippa, was then the closest heir apparent of the kingdoms of England and France and was proclaimed, held, and considered as such through the whole English nation, and he begat two sons and two daughters, as is seen below.
Annotation number: CRC130
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Rogerus, secundus filius praedicti Rogeri
filii praedicti Philippe, deccessit ante
dictum Edmundum fratem suum sine
herede de corpore s[uo] procreate.
This Roger, second son of the aforementioned Roger son of the aforementioned Philippa, died before the aforementioned Edward, his brother, without having begat an heir of his body.
Annotation number: CRC131
Wall does not number this passage in his edition.
Iste Edmundus,
filius Rogeri,
post decessum
patris sui comes
Marchie et post decessum,
regis Ricardi Anglie
et Francie, verus heres.
Et obiit sine herede.
This Edmund, son of Roger, [was] earl of March after the death of his father, and the true heir of England and France after the death of King Richard. And he died without heir.
Annotation number: CRC132
Wall's reference number: 100
Iste linea rubea est linea vera,
et directa ad coronas Anglie
et Francie, Castellie et Legionum
in Hispania.
This red line is the true and direct line to the crowns of England and France, and Castile and León in Spain.
Annotation number: CRC133
Wall's reference number: 101
Iste Leonellus, duxit in uxorem Annam, filiam comitis de Ultonia,
de qua genuit Philippam, que erat desponsata Edmundo comiti
Marchie, qui autem ex se genuit Rogerum comitem Marchie et
Aliciam desposatam comiti Northumberlandie. Ac idem Rogarus
genuit Edmundmum, comitem Marchie, qui cito obiit. Et Annam
desponsatam comiti Cantibrigie, ut patet supra linialitur [sic]
cum ceteris ibidem existientibus tangentibus rectum titulum Edwardi
regis Anglie quarti et Hibernie Sexti at Castellis et Legionum
regis
veri heredis
.
This Lionel led into marriage Anne, daughter of the Earl of Ulster, and by her begat Philippa, who was married to Edmund, earl of March, who begat by her Roger, earl of March and Elizabeth, married to the Earl of Northumberland. And the same Roger begat Edmund, earl of March, who died after a short time, and Anne who was married to the Earl of Cambridge, as seen in the line above, with the others appearing touching the proper title of Edward the fourth king of England and the sixth of Ireland, and true heir of the king of Castile and León.
Annotation number: CRC134
Wall's reference number: 102
Edwardus, filius et heres supradicti Ricardi, nuper ducis Eboraci, vero heredis [sic] regnorum Anglie
et Francie, Castellie et Legionum, post decessum patris sui, fuit Dux Eboraci, et verus heres
dictarum Anglie et Francie, Castellie et Legionum. Et quatro die Marcii per seniores populi et saniores
fuit electus in regem Anglie gratia Dei et voce eorum consurgens et recipiens regnum Anglie
Andoni [sic] sibi de jure tanquam hereditarium [sic] anno Domini milesmo quadringintesimo [sic]
sexagesimo.
Edward, son and heir of the above named Richard, recently duke of York, true heir of the kingdoms of England and France, Castile and León, after the death of his father, was duke of York and true heir of the aforementioned England and France, Castile and León. And on the fourth day of March, through the greater and more sensible [part] of the people, was elected as king of England by the grace of God and the voice of those [people], rising and receiving the kingdom of England in London for himself, by law so much as by inheritance, in the year of the Lord 1460.

Canterbury Roll Digital Edition (Stage 1)

Download the User Guide to the Canterbury Roll Digital Edition as a PDF.

User Guide

The aim of this Guide is to provide a detailed overview of each function available to users of Stage 1 of the Canterbury Roll Digital Edition.

Stage 1 is a Digital Edition involving a facsimile created from high quality images combined with a transcription and translation coded using Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) conventions. This stage is accompanied by scholarly apparatus that includes notes on the text and indications of where the new version departs from Arnold Wall’s 1919 edition.

This Guide is written for users of the PC/Mac version of the Digital Edition. These functions are replicated in the tablet/mobile-accessible version of the edition (Stage 1.5) but may operate differently in accordance with conventions used in those devices.

System Requirements

PC or Mac

To access the full functionality of the Digital Edition, users will require browser software with the following minimum specifications: Safari 8.0, Chrome 30, Internet Explorer 9, or Mozilla Firefox 30.

The Digital Edition webpage has been tested on Windows and MacOS using: Chrome 54, Safari 11.0, Mozilla Firefox 52, and Internet Explorer 11.

For the optimum viewing experience, we recommend viewing the Digital Edition using Chrome or Safari. Users who employ Internet Explorer or Mozilla Firefox will be able to access most features but the Digital Edition has not been optimized to work with IE or Firefox; some CRN zones may remain inaccessible.

Tablet or Mobile

To access the full functionality of the Digital Edition on their tablet or mobile device, users will require browser software with the following minimum specifications: Chrome 60 or Safari 11.0.

Some Android devices come with a native browser. We do not recommend the use of such browsers as some do not support html5.

Please note: the manuscript can only be viewed online; it cannot be downloaded.

Architecture

TEI

Principles and conventions established by TEI – the Text Encoding Initiative – have been employed to create and edit the Digital Edition. These have been adapted to the specific challenges presented by Christchurch, University of Canterbury, MS 1.

The Facsimile

The manuscript facsimile was created by manually “stitching” together 42 high-quality photographic images (TIF – Tagged Image Format – files). From this complete facsimile, a series of tiled images at varying resolutions were produced. A new set of tiles are presented each time the user zooms in/out or scrolls to a particular point on the manuscript. This approach has been adopted in order to optimize the quality of the image available while ensuring fast download times and maximum functionality.

  • The image was tiled using MS Deep Zoom Composer
  • The tiled images are presented using the OpenSeadragon viewer
  • The average TIF file size is: 120MB

Slow download speeds may result in a slight “lag” in the image presentation. This will display as a temporary “fuzziness” or pixilation of sections of the image. This issue will rectify almost immediately as the image “catches up” with the user’s requests. Faster download speeds will eliminate this issue.

  • The size of the full image (~5GB) and copyright considerations mean we have chosen not to make the complete manuscript available to users in a downloadable format
  • While every care has been taken to avoid distortion and loss of fidelity, the fact that TIF files have been stitched together means that the Digital Edition should not be considered a perfect facsimile of Christchurch, University of Canterbury, MS 1. This is because minor manipulation of the images is required at each of the “join” points in order to create the final facsimile
Zones

The manuscript image is divided into zones, each of which is defined in the code by using a pixel-based location system. Zones are of two types:

CRC zones. Each Canterbury Roll Commentary zone is individually numbered. Each represents a specific section of the commentary text.

  • CRC zones vary from complete paragraphs of text with accompanying marginal gloss to single letters

CRN zones. Each Canterbury Roundel Number zone is individually numbered. Each represents a roundel on the roll.

  • Blank roundels have been assigned their own unique CRN number
Identification of Individuals who Appear on the Roll

Each individual on the Roll has been tagged with a specific CRP (Canterbury Roll Person) number. CRP numbers are not linked to specific zones; CRC and CRN zones may include more than one CRP number if they include references to more than one individual.

Each CRP number is linked to an entry in the Stage 2 database. CRP numbers are not visible to users of the Stage 1 project. They will be made available as part of the project upon integration of the database.

Manuscript Viewer

The primary aim of the Canterbury Roll Project is to ensure greater access to Christchurch, University of Canterbury, MS 1. A high quality digital facsimile has been created to enable scholars and the wider public to have direct access to the manuscript.

The Canterbury Roll has been available as low-quality JPEG images since 2013; prior to that it was only accessible by appointment via the UC Special Collections.

In Stage 1 of the project, users are provided with two options for accessing the high quality digital facsimile: Basic Viewer Mode and Full Screen Mode.

Basic Viewer Mode

Basic Viewer Mode is the default setting. When viewers open the Digital Edition they will see the project header with an image of the opening section of the Roll on the left-hand side of the screen and the “Welcome” tab open on the right-hand side of the screen.

Navigating the Facsimile

The user can change the section of the Roll displayed on the page by left-clicking their mouse on the facsimile and then “dragging” the manuscript up/down the window with the left-click button depressed. The “click and drag” function operates at any level of zoom.

The manuscript can also be moved horizontally using the same “click and drag” function. When used in combination with the zoom function, this allows the user to “pan” across individual sections of the Roll when its whole width no longer fits the screen.

The facsimile will automatically “bounce back” if dragged out of view to the far left or the far right of the screen.

In the top left-hand corner of the facsimile, the user will find four Navigation Buttons.

Zoom

The first two buttons (“+” and “-”) enable the user to zoom in/out of the section of the facsimile displayed on the screen. The zoom function also operates by rolling the mouse wheel backwards/forwards or via the trackpad.

Home

The “Home” button centres the facsimile, returns the zoom to the default level, and returns the user to the default starting position on entering the Digital Edition (the top of the manuscript).

Selecting Commentary/Roundels in Basic Viewer Mode

Commentary zones will be shaded in semi-transparent blue when the cursor is placed over them; when selected, by left clicking, the zone will appear outlined in a solid blue line.

Roundel zones will appear shaded in semi-transparent red when the cursor is placed over them; when selected, by left clicking, the zone will appear outlined by a solid red line.

Clicking on any commentary or roundel zone while in Basic Viewer Mode will automatically centre the facsimile on that particular zone.

Selecting either the commentary or roundels on the facsimile will simultaneously open the “Manuscript” tab. The default setting is to display both the Latin transcription and English translation relating to that commentary or roundel.

Full Screen Mode

The user can enter Full Screen Mode by using the “Full Screen” button. This replaces the header and all tabs on the right-hand side of the screen with a Full Screen version of the facsimile.

The four “Navigation Buttons” will continue to appear in the left-hand corner of the screen. The “Zoom” and “Home” buttons, as well as the “click and drag” function, will continue to operate as they do in Basic Viewer Mode.

Selecting Commentary/Roundels in Full Screen Mode

Clicking on any commentary or roundel zone while in Full Screen Mode will automatically centre the facsimile on that particular zone.

The “Manuscript” tab will open with the corresponding transcription and translation for the selected zone but will remain hidden unless the user exits Full Screen Mode.

Exiting Full Screen Mode

Clicking on the “Full Screen” button while in Full Screen Mode returns the user to Basic Viewer Mode.

It is also possible to return to Basic Viewer Mode at any time by pressing the ESCAPE key.

  • A temporary message is displayed to highlight the function of the ESCAPE key when the user first enters Full Screen Mode; clicking on the message while it is still on screen will take the user back to Basic Viewer Mode.

Function Tabs

Users are able to access enhanced features of the Digital Edition via a series of tabs located on the right-hand side of the screen in Basic Viewer Mode. Stage 1 of the Canterbury Roll Project includes five tabs. Tabs are selected by clicking on the specific tab’s name on the sidebar.

When users open the Digital Edition they will see the project header with an image of the manuscript on the left-hand side of the screen and the “Welcome” tab on the right-hand side of the screen.

Welcome tab

The “Welcome” tab is the default setting. It contains basic information about the project. It also provides access to a Getting Started guide in the form of a downloadable PDF. This guide outlines the Digital Edition’s key features.

The tab lists key personnel and partner institutions. More detailed information is available on the “Credits” page of the Canterbury Roll Project website and in the TEI code.

Introduction tab

The tab is divided into five parts. The General Introduction offers an overview of the Canterbury Roll Project and its stages, outlining the project’s aims and objectives, and how it may be cited; The Transcription focuses on the commentary and summarizes the editorial conventions observed; The Roundels provides an outline of editorial conventions specific to this part of the manuscript; The Translation outlines the approach adopted in translating the text in both the commentary and the roundels into English; The Digital Edition outlines the conventions followed in making the facsimile, transcription, and translation available online.

Other “traditional” elements of a scholarly introduction, in particular those that focus on the context and content of the manuscript, are presented via the general Canterbury Roll Project website.
Manuscript tab

The “Manuscript” tab enables access to a full Latin transcription, English translation, and scholarly apparatus. This material is organized by CRC and CRN numbers.

As outlined in detail in the Viewing the Transcription and Translation section of this Guide, the user is offered a range of options. They can choose whether they view the Latin, the English, or both. They may also choose the type of apparatus with which they view the text or choose to view it without apparatus.

The “Manuscript” tab also enables the viewer to “deselect” scribal hands in order to view the manuscript at various stages in its development.

User Guide tab

The “User Guide” tab provides access to a continuous text of this Guide, which may also be downloaded as a PDF. It can be navigated via the table of contents, which is displayed to the left of the tab when “User Guide” is selected.

Search tab

Users can search for a specific CRC or CRN number by entering it into the search box in the format CRCXXX or CRNXXX, where “XXX” represents the commentary or roundel number.

  • A “0” should precede commentary or roundel numbers below 100.

Providing a valid CRC or CRN number is entered, the facsimile will centre on the requested commentary or roundel when the search is initiated. The “Manuscript” tab will open automatically and display the related transcription and/or translation.

In Stage 2, a search function that will enable word searches within the Latin and English texts will be provided.
Database tab [DISABLED]

In Stage 2, users will be able to view “encyclopaedia-style” entries for all individuals who appear in the commentary and roundels. These entries will appear in the “Database” tab.

Undocking/Docking the Tabs

The tabs may be “undocked” and moved to any point on the screen. This is particularly useful when using the “Manuscript” tab as it enables the user to continue to view the Latin and/or English while viewing a larger proportion of the facsimile.

The default setting is docked. When docked, the tabs occupy the full right-hand side of the screen beneath the header.

The tabs can be undocked by selecting the button on the upper right-hand corner of the tab tool bar (the only icon in the tool bar). When undocked, the tool bar changes from white to brown and the tab index becomes semi-transparent.

When the docking icon is clicked on for a second time the tab window returns to the default position. The content of any given tab being displayed at the time of docking/undocking remains unchanged.

Viewing the Transcription and Translation

The Latin transcription and an English translation are accessed via the “Manuscript” tab.

The tab can be selected manually at any point when in Basic Viewer Mode by clicking on “Manuscript” on the sidebar. The tab is automatically displayed when the user selects any commentary or roundel in the facsimile.

Zones

The transcription and translation are divided into sections of varying length, an approach that matches the “fragmented” nature of the manuscript. Each section is assigned an annotation number (if it relates to commentary) or a roundel number (if it relates to a roundel). Each annotation/roundel number is associated with a specific commentary or roundel zone containing the equivalent text on the facsimile. The “Manuscript” tab enables the user to view one commentary zone or one roundel zone at a time. It is not possible to view more than one zone simultaneously.

It is not possible to download text and scholarly apparatus via the “Manuscript” tab. Nor are the transcription or the translation available as independent, “continuous” text files elsewhere on the site.

For scholarly citation of the Digital Edition, please see the Citation guidelines available on the Introduction tab.
Commentary

When a commentary zone is selected, the facsimile will automatically centre on that zone and highlight it with a solid blue line.

The “Manuscript” tab will open automatically.

The zone’s individual CRC (Canterbury Roll Commentary) number, which can be used for citation purposes, will be displayed at the top of the tab in the form: Annotation number: CRCXXX

The default setting is for both the Latin and the English to display. The transcription is followed by the English translation. The two are separated by a crown icon (adapted from the manuscript).

In the case of passages that are too large to fit on a single screen, a scroll bar will appears on the right-hand side of the “Manuscript” tab. Users can scroll down using their mouse wheel or by clicking and dragging the slider in the scroll bar.

Line breaks are inserted into the Latin text to match the line breaks in the original manuscript. It may be necessary to undock and “stretch” the “Manuscript” tab to view these line breaks in the form they appear in the manuscript. A line break is inserted in the code following the last word in each line. If, however, a word is split between two lines, the following line will commence on the first complete word while the partially complete word will be attached to the previous line.

Roundels

When a roundel zone is selected, the facsimile will automatically centre on that roundel and highlight it with a solid red line.

The “Manuscript” tab will open automatically.

The zone’s individual CRN (Canterbury Roundel Number), which can be used for citation purposes, will be displayed at the top of the tab in the form: Roundel number: CRNXXX

The default setting is for both the Latin and the English to display. The transcription is followed by the English translation. The two are separated by a crown icon (adapted from the manuscript).

Buttons

When the “Manuscript” tab is open the user is able to toggle on/off four buttons by clicking on each. Buttons may be toggled on/off in any combination.

“Latin” button: When toggled on, this provides access to the Latin transcription. The default setting is “on”.

“English” button: When toggled on, this provides access to the English translation. The default setting is “on”.

“Notes” button: When toggled on, this provides access to scholarly apparatus. The default setting is “off”.

When toggled on, notes are indicated by dotted red underlining in both the transcription and translation.

When the cursor is placed over an underlined section of text a “hover over” box will appear shaded in red. “Hover over” boxes can contain corrections, additional comments, and explanatory remarks.

A series of “common” notes are available in both the transcription and translation. These relate primarily to contextual material. Individual notes relating to the decisions taken specific to either the transcription or the translation are restricted to the respective texts.

Notes are attributed to specific project team members in the code but this information is not available directly via the Stage 1 interface.

“Wall’s Reading” button: When toggled on, this provides access to one specific aspect of the scholarly apparatus. The default setting is “off”.

The “Wall’s Reading” button enables the user to consult what the project team consider to be major variations between the new transcription and translation and those produced in 1919 by Arnold Wall. As there are a great many orthographical differences, this is not intended to provide a comprehensive list of variations.

Where a note relating to Wall’s text coincides with a general note, the “hover over” text appears in a “stacked” form with a dotted dividing line between the two types of note, and the general note placed above the “Wall’s Reading” note.

A series of “common” notes relating to Wall’s version are available in both the transcription and the translation. Individual notes relating to the decisions taken specific to either the transcription or the translation are restricted to the respective texts.

Scribal Hand Slider

The “Manuscript” tab allows the user to select the specific scribal hand they are viewing from one of the four key hands so far identified on the manuscript.

The slider changes what is displayed in the Latin transcription. In Stage 1, it does not alter the layout of the English translation. The default setting for the slider is to show all hands that appear on the manuscript, the version as it existed in approximately 1485.

The slider can be moved to the left in four stages. At each stage a scribal hand is removed from the Latin transcription.

The slider is a particularly useful means of viewing additions made by the Roman Numerals Scribe. These are omitted from the Wall edition.

Each scribal hand is identified by an icon on both the slider and in the Latin transcription.

Key to Scribal Hands

Lancastrian Scribe: The earliest hand, and the author of the majority of the manuscript’s commentary and roundels. The Lancastrian Scribe’s work was first identified by Arnold Wall. His contribution is traditionally dated to 1429 to 1438; it was narrowed to 1429 to 1433 by Maree Shirota in 2015. His work is identified by the red rose of Lancaster.

Roman Numerals Scribe: The Roman Numerals Scribe’s contribution is limited entirely to the translation of the Lancastrian Scribe’s Indo-Arabic notation into Roman numerals. As no amendments were made to the work of later scribes he is presumed to have completed his work between 1433 and 1463. He was first recognized as an independent scribal hand in 2016 by Thandi Parker. His work is identified here by an Ionic column (this is simply for its classical associations; any form of numeral might lead to confusion).

Yorkist Scribe: The third hand on the Roll re-worked the manuscript’s later sections, adding roundels and commentary that made it more favourable to the Yorkist cause. The Yorkist Scribe’s work was first identified by Arnold Wall. His contribution can be dated to between 1463 and 1468, although some arguments exist to suggest his work is post 1461 and prior to 1466. His contribution is identified by the white rose of York.

Margaret of Burgundy Scribe: A fourth scribal hand made a minor amendment by adding Margaret of Burgundy’s title to the work of the Yorkist Scribe. The hand was recognized in 2011 by Chris Jones. The addition must have taken place after 1483 but was presumably made before the fall of the house of York at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485. The scribe’s work is identified by a crown icon.

CNJ (December 2017)

Future Updates

The Canterbury Roll Project is a multi-stage initiative. A modular release schedule enables the team to respond to ongoing peer-review over the lifetime of the project with the ultimate objective of creating a better resource.

Stage 1 does not include two specific features of the project, both of which are planned for incorporation at Stage 2 (due for completion in 2019):
  • An integrated database, which will enable the user to click on any name in the Latin or English texts and view an “encyclopaedia-style” entry on that individual with accompanying bibliography. The database was developed in 2016 at UC and is being populated via a joint project between UC History, the UC internship programme, and Nottingham Trent University (UK)
  • Advanced search functions, which will enable the user to locate specific words within the Latin and English texts

Credits

General Editor: Dr Chris Jones [CNJ] (UC History)
Digital Humanities Consultant: Dr Christopher Thomson [CJT] (UC Digital Humanities)
Project Adviser: Dr Natasha Hodgson (Nottingham Trent University) Project Coordinator: Jennifer Middendorf [JMI] (UC Arts Digital Lab)
Lead Transcriber: Maree Shirota [MSH] (Collaborative Research Centre 933/Heidelberg)
Lead Translator: Elisabeth Rolston [EMR] (UC History)
Roundels Editor: Thandi Parker [TRP] (UC History)
Digital Project Specialist: Antoine Landrieu (UC Arts Digital Lab)
Digital Project Specialist: Lucy-Jane Walsh [LJW] (UC Arts Digital Lab)
UC Interns: Zhivannah Cole [ZLC]; Julian Vesty [JVE]; Saskia van der Wal [SVA]
DIGI403 Students: Lewis Borsje-Clark [LBC]; Taylor Nightingale [TCN]; Ben Piggin [BTP]

For further details concerning the Canterbury Roll Project team and biographies see, the “Credits” pages and/or the TEI code.

Version

The version released in December 2017 is version 1.0. It represents the completion of Stage 1 of the Canterbury Roll Project.

Peer Review

The Canterbury Roll Digital Edition is subject to solicited peer review by subject specialists following the release of each version. Revisions resulting from such feedback will be incorporated into the project for release with subsequent versions.

The project team welcome open and ongoing engagement with scholars and the wider public. To submit un-solicited comment, please see the Feedback section below. Comments that lead to significant changes will be credited to those who suggested them either in the TEI, via the scholarly apparatus, or where appropriate elsewhere on the Canterbury Roll Project website.

Permissions

The Canterbury Roll Project:
The Canterbury Roll — A Digital Edition

First published in 2017 by
CANTERBURY UNIVERSITY PRESS
University of Canterbury
Private Bag 4800
Christchurch 8140
NEW ZEALAND
www.canterbury.ac.nz/engage/cup

Text copyright © 2017 the authors as named. Images copyright the institutions and individuals as credited.

The moral rights of the authors and contributors have been asserted.

ISBN 978-1-98-850307-3

A catalogue record for this Digital Edition is available from the National Library of New Zealand. This Digital Edition is copyright. Except for the purpose of fair review, no part may be stored or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including recording or storage in any information retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Manuscript

Christchurch, University of Canterbury MS 1 (“The Canterbury Roll”) and all images of the manuscript remain © University of Canterbury.

Permission to reproduce Christchurch, University of Canterbury MS 1 (“The Canterbury Roll”) in whole or in part in any medium must be sought in advance from UC Special Collections.

The manuscript is not available to download offline either in part or as a whole. Images suitable for reproduction in publications will be made available on request; images at the DPI used to produce the Digital Edition are not available on request.

For access to images of the Roll and terms of use: Please contact the University of Canterbury, Special Collections Librarian (macbrown@libr.canterbury.ac.nz).

TEI

The TEI code is available for consultation on request for purposes of review and comment. For terms of use, please contact the Project’s Digital Humanities Consultant. For copyright reasons, as the transcription and translation are embedded within it, the code will not be posted publicly with the release of Stage 1.

1919 Edition

Arnold Wall's Handbook is out of copyright. Under New Zealand copyright law, authorial copyright for printed books lapses 50 years from the death of the author. In this case the book became copyright free on 30 March 2016. The OCR version available on this site was produced by the UC Arts Digital Lab in October 2017.

Permission is given for the OCR version to be downloaded, shared, and reproduced.

Access

The Canterbury Roll Project website and Digital Edition may, periodically, be unavailable due to maintenance. They may also, at some future date, no longer be publicly available, either permanently or for undisclosed periods. Website content may change without notice. So far as the law permits, the University of Canterbury does not guarantee permanent access to the Canterbury Roll Project website or to any of its components, and disclaims all liability for damages that may result from the use of the Canterbury Roll website.

Feedback

A digital approach with a modular release schedule enables the Canterbury Roll project team to respond to ongoing peer-review over the lifetime of the project with the ultimate objective of creating a better resource.

The project team welcomes corrections and criticism, which can be submitted to the team via the General Editor (chris.jones@canterbury.ac.nz).

Search

Enter the CRC or CRN reference into the following text box and click the search button. (CRC or CRN must be included otherwise the reference isn't complete.) e.g. : CRC005, CRN053